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- W58728052 abstract "Introduction The uprising in Bahrain since February 14th of 2011 has been primarily framed in a polemic rhetoric due to demographic imbalance and geopolitical tensions with Iran that drove the sectarian rift. Shi'a protests are galvanised around issues of socioeconomic grievances, structural inequality, and political marginalisation (Kinninmont, 2012; Jones, 2007). Major outbreaks of social unrest dates back to the 1920s with political grievances aired against lack of follow-through on delivering constitutional reform of an elected unicameral parliament (Ulrichsen, 2012; Downs, 2012). In response to heavy-handed clampdown on protests, the Feburary 14th revolution has been rebranded as the Tamarod movement, which is modelled after the Egyptian grassroots movement in 2013. Sectarianism plays an imperative role in fuelling tension in domestic politics with major geopolitical repercussions, due to a combination of factors including the historic claim of Bahrain being Iran's 14th province and the sizable presence of the Persian community in Bahrain (Belfer, 2011). For that reason, the pro-democracy uprising rallied across predominantly Shi'a areas has been framed as the 'Shi'a struggle' by hypostatising Iranian threat. Black-and-white perceptions of sectarian politics provide the pretext for government clampdown on antigovernment protests that alienates the Shi'a majority all the while barring efforts to achieve national unity. While the sectarian framing of the political crisis in Bahrain renders questioning legitimacy on all sides, political participation of minor children merits further attention; this is poignant given the impact of youth bulge (2) and the rise of children's participation in illegal protests and detention. While the investigation led by the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI) in 2011 was commended for detailed documentation of gross human violations, it nevertheless has drawn criticisms due to lack of accountability (Kinninmont, 2012). Bahraini politics is at the crossroads as of writing amid the suspension of national dialogue that commenced since 2011. Against the backdrop of sectarian geopolitics, this paper examines the moral and ethical implications of participation rights of Bahraini children in illegal gatherings from a postmodernist lens. Noting the escalation in violent exchanges between the riot police and children and the rise in detention and casualty rates of Bahraini children, I highlight the inherent tension between natural rights and participation rights delineated in the child psychology and human rights literature. In this paper I contend that Bahraini minors are deprived of their political agency and ascribed a minoritized status based on age and sect due to their exposure to violence as they are caught between competing political agendas sought by two opposing camps. The Tension between State Sovereignty and Human Rights Despite the prevalence of political participation of minors in Bahrain, participation rights of children is seldom under the limelight, and when it is, it is usually reported through human rights NGOs, or other unofficial channels such as blogs and social networking sites. With the exception of the BICI report that sheds some light on the mistreatment, abduction, and kidnapping of children participating in anti-government protests, official statistics on the participation and detention rate of children is virtually non-existent. Notwithstanding the dearth of research, it is highlighted in the BICI report (2011) that protesters under the age of 18, and in some cases, under the age of 15, were detained for participating in demonstrations in Shia predominant villages of Sitra, Sanabis, Karbabad, Karzakan, Issa Town and Hamad Town, and were subject to harsh treatments. In August 2010, Bahrain Centre for Human Rights found that 76 children were arrested including a ten-year-old child during political unrest. Likewise in the same year, children comprise 21 percent of the total of 355 cases of detentions. …" @default.
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- W58728052 date "2013-12-15" @default.
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- W58728052 title "Lessons Gleaned from the Political Participation of Children in Bahrain Uprising" @default.
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