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• W587996966 abstract "In algal-based ponds, algae may directly or indirectly play a key role in the modes of removal of fecal bacteria from domestic wastewater. Some indirect modes of removal that may be related to algal presence include starvation, invertebrate grazing, sedimentation and photo-oxidation . Algal growth utilises nutrients and carbon sources that bacteria may need for its survival and may occur in pond systems with long retention times. Grazing and sedimentation may depend primarily on bacterial attachment to algae. Bacterial attachment to living organisms has been observed in freshwater ecosystems (Kansiime and Nalubega,1999), but the importance of this phenomenon in wastewater treatment systems is not well documented. Bacteria may form biofilms in aquatic ecosystems on surfaces of suspended matter including algae. Rotifers and macro-invertebrate scrapers like the larvae and nymphal stages of some aquatic insects ingest algal cells and hence some bacteria associated with these algae. This may however occur only in algal ponds with relatively better effluents quality, where insects and other invertebrates may colonise at various depths. Algal cells may also sink under their weight with attached fecal bacteria thus removing them from the water column. Photo-oxidation, the absorbtion of solar radiation by sensitizer molecules leading to the formation of oxygen radicals that are toxic to fecal bacteria has been observed to increase with increasing oxygen concentration of the system as a result of the presence of algae (Curtis et al. 1992). In maturation ponds of domestic wastewater treatment systems however, the rapid development of algae may reduce the removal efficiency of these ponds in that short wavelengths of solar radiation are unable to penetrate such highly turbid systems (Van der Steen, 2000 and Davies-Colley et al. 1993). In such systems only long wavelengths may be useful in helping to achieve fecal bacteria die-off (Sinton et al, 2002). Increased turbidity of algal systems may result in increased pH which could kill fecal bacteria even in the absence of sunlight (Parhad and Rao, 1974). The extents of pH increases in these systems however depend on the buffering capacity of the wastewater. The presence of organic matter in wastewater in algal systems provides ample source of carbon and energy for bacterial survival (Servais et al. 1987, Salonen et al. 1992; Servais et al. 1992). Organic matter in wastewater are humic substances and could serve as sensitizer molecules that can be toxic to fecal bacteria (Curtis et al. 1992). Their role therefore may be a net effect of the sum total of the two processes and this is hardly reported in literature. Lysis of algal cells increases with increased algal density. Algal cells secrete organic compounds and their lysis may lead to the release of significant amounts of algal organic matter (Plummer et al. 2000). Algal organic matter were" @default.
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• W587996966 date "2008-01-01" @default.
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• W587996966 title "Fecal Coliform Removal In Algal-Based Domestic Wastewater Treatment Systems" @default.
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