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• W588014570 abstract "Hylaeus bisinuatus Forster was induced to nest in glass tubes inserted into observation boxes where its nesting biology was studied under greenhouse conditions. Results of these observations yielded detailed descriptions of nest architecture, cell con struction, cell provisioning, egg deposition, embryogenesis, hatching, and immature de velopment. Daily and seasonal activities are also discussed. An embryological feature of Hylaeus (90? rotation of the late embryo) was discovered and associated with hatching strategies and the side position taken by developing immatures on their provisions. Comparisons with other colletid bees, etc., demonstrated that repre sentative genera of the five subfamilies of the Colletidae also exhibit this characteristic. This derived embryological phenomenon has not been reported elsewhere in the Apoidea or Hymenoptera and may indicate a monophyletic origin of the family Colletidae as presently understood. Hylaeus is a cosmopolitan genus of colletid bees that nests within existing holes in a wide variety of materials. Many species readily accept prepared cavities in which to establish nests and, as a result, a number of their biologies have been described (Barrows, 1975; Davidson, 1895;Enslin, 1933;Ferton, 1923; Fye, 1965; Hicks, 1926; Krombein, 1967; Rau, 1922, 1930; Rayment, 1931, 1935, 1953; Skaife, 1950, 1954; Taylor, 1962, 1965). Most of these studies are, however, limited to descriptions of nest architectural features that have proven to vary little among known species. Thus, the biological literature of Hylaeus is somewhat redundant and our understanding of its ethology remains surprisingly incomplete. Skaife (1950) and Taylor (1962) have demonstrated that Hylaeus can be induced to nest in glass tubes and they have each described particular details of the nesting biology of a South African species. However, no one has heretofore utilized this method to thoroughly study the nesting biology of the genus. This is surprising in view of the fact that Hylaeus represents a large and diversified segment of the family Colletidae (Michener, 1965) long considered the most primitive of extant bees (Malyshev, 1968; Michener, 1944, 1974). Recently, the primitive status of this bee family has been questioned by McGinley (1980, 1981) who compared colletid immatures and reexamined the mouthparts of adults. Indeed, Michener (1981) now suggests that . . the Melittidae could be the ancestral family of bees. The recent biological literature on colletids (other than Hylaeus) has also con tributed to a better understanding of the family (Batra, 1980; Eickwort, 1967; Houston, 1968, 1975; Michener, 1960; Michener and Lange, 1957; Rajotte, 1979; Accepted for publication 20 September 1983. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.231 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:18:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VOLUME 57, NUMBER 2 277 Roberts, 1971; Rozen and Favreau, 1968; Rozen and Michener, 1968; Stephen, 1954; Torchio, 1965). The present study was therefore undertaken to: increase our understanding of Hylaeus biology through a detailed study of Hylaeus bi sinuatus Forster; compare the biology of this species with other Hylaeus and other known colletid bees; and, determine if Hylaeus expresses any unique biological characteristics that could be incorporated into future phylogenetic studies. Methods and Materials In July 1976, a small sample of field-collected H. bisinuatus females was released in a USDA greenhouse located on the campus of Utah State University. The greenhouse contained two observation boxes one of which was described previ ously (Torchio, 1972). The second, larger box was constructed of plywood and both were fitted with swamp coolers to prevent temperatures within each unit from rising above 30?C. Small holes were drilled horizontally into the eastand south-facing walls of both boxes into which glass tubes were inserted until each was flush with the outer surface of these units. The glass tubes measured 10 cm long with an inside diameter of 3 mm. One end of each tube was plugged with a small wad of cotton, whereas the opposite, outer section was dipped several times into India ink to block light from traveling down into the tube through its glass walls and, to roughen the glass surface, thus providing a ready foothold for bees entering these tubes. During subsequent years, paper soda straws (4 mm in di ameter) were inserted into some holes in the observation boxes and into drilled wood blocks that were placed adjacent to these boxes. In addition, strips of various sized corrugated cardboard were also tested for attractiveness to H. bisinuatus. From 1976 to 1982, bloom of a number of potted plants [Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham, Coreopsis atkinsonia Douglas, Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S. F. Blake, Melilotus alba Desc, Centaureu cyanus L., Oenothera hookeri T. & G.] was made available throughout annual flight periods. On the average, 1500 potted plants were used per season. An otoscope and dissecting microscopes were used to observe nesting behavior in observation boxes. Immature development was also observed under micro scopes in the laboratory with the aid of fiber optics illuminators. Immatures were marked with a colored powder (Day-Glo?, Daylight Fluorescent Pigment) to aid in establishing the number of larval molts as well as details of molting. In vivo embryogenesis was studied by using a technique introduced by DuPraw (1963, 1965). Small petri dishes were filled with paraffin oil (saybolt viscosity, 125/135) in which bee eggs were immersed. This allowed egg chorions to appear transparent when illuminated by transmitted light. Embryogenesis developed nor mally under these immersed conditions and larvae successfully hatched from eggs before expiring. Attempts to transfer larvae hatched in oil back onto provisions failed. In situ studies were prepared by transferring a droplet of liquid cell provisions into a deepwell microscope slide on which a Hylaeus egg was placed. A microscope and a source of transmitted light were then used to observe embryonic devel opment. During those observations, however, the droplet of cell provisions dried rapidly and frequent additions of provisions were required to prevent egg desic cation. Efforts to observe embryogenesis of eggs retained on their original pro visions proved difficult due to light reflected from the surface of provisions. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.231 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:18:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 278 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY" @default.
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• W588014570 title "The nesting biology of Hylaeus bisinuatus Forster and development of its immature forms (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)" @default.
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