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• W591214208 abstract "Antimicrobial agents are used in swine production to improve the welfare of overtly diseased animals and to avoid the production loss caused by bacterial infections. The continual influx of antimicrobial therapeutics in intensive animal production creates a strong selective pressure, favouring the proliferation and survival of bacteria capable of resistance. Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) that encode for resistance can potentially disseminate into human pathogens, thereby reducing the efficacy of all antimicrobials utilised for health care. This is primarily why governments regulate the use of antimicrobials in food animals. However, jurisdictions vary in the strength of these regulations. Australia has a very strict regime. Canada is more typical of the developed world and until recently Vietnam, has had little regulation of veterinary antimicrobials. Frequency of exposure to antimicrobials is fundamental to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Swine veterinarians participated in an antimicrobial usage survey across several Australian farms. The response was used to define the strength of association between the use of particular antimicrobials and occurrence of common infections of swine. There was a heavy reliance on antimicrobials of “low importance”, such as penicillins, tetracyclines and sulfonamides. Drugs of “medium importance” such as the aminoglycosides, apramycin and neomycin, were used less widely. In the 12 months prior to survey approximately 20% of farms had used ceftiofur, a 3rd generation applications in human medicine. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) infections appeared to be a major reason for use of ceftiofur. A collection of multidrug resistant (MDR) porcine ETEC isolates (n=117) was obtained from across Australia. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for 12 antimicrobials relevant to swine production were determined. Multiplex PCRs were used to screen for 35 ARGs. The usage practices established by the survey corresponded with the range of phenotypic resistances and the carriage of antimicrobial resistance genes: blaTEM, tet, sul,and dhfr. The presence of aminoglycoside ARGs, aac(3)-IV and aph(3)-I, were noteworthy as both cause cross-resistance to gentamicin. No ceftiofur or fluoroquinolone resistance was detected. The resistance status of communities of commensal E. coli were then assessed using pooled faecal samples from healthy animals in 72 Australian swine herds. Hydrophobic grid-membrane filtration was combined with susceptibility testing against ampicillin, ceftiofur and gentamicin. Multiplex PCRs revealed similar ARGs as in the Australian MDR ETEC collection, with the addition of floR, encoding florfenicol resistance. This indicates that commensals and pathogens acquire a similar range of resistance mechanisms. Commensal E. coli appear to be a potential source of exposure to ARGs due to their prominence in food and the environment. An archived collection of MDR ETEC (n=97) from Vietnam was subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and screened for ARGs. The data were compared with that for the Australian MDR ETEC isolates. All isolates in both collections were summarised, using an antimicrobial resistance index (ARI), which emphasised the impact of resistance to antimicrobials of “high importance” and thus potential effect on public health. The Vietnamese isolates had higher MICs, were more frequently MDR, and fluoroquinolone resistance elevated the isolates’ ARI score. The findings highlighted the opportunity to modify on-farm practices in Australia and drug regulations in Vietnam to improve AMR outcomes. Canada does not have a restriction on ceftiofur use in food producing animals, which has led to resistance in pathogenic and commensal E. coli, as well as zoonotic enteric pathogens. Plasmid investigation revealed an AmpC gene, blaCMY-2, in a collection of ceftiofur resistant E. coli (n=92) from diseased and healthy swine from Canada. The identified AmpC was responsible for ceftiofur resistance for almost 10 years; however,ceftiofur resistance in recent isolates was associated with a currently unknown mechanism of resistance. Overall, this thesis has applied a range of microbiological techniques to demonstrate the capacity of regulations to induce more conservative use of antimicrobials in entire populations of food animals However, a shift away from swine production practices that demand intense antimicrobial use appears unavoidable if we are to ensure these drugs are available for treatment of life-threatening illnesses in both animals and humans into the future." @default.
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• W591214208 date "2014-09-23" @default.
• W591214208 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W591214208 title "The phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and commensal Escherichia coli obtained from healthy and diseased swine in Australia, Canada and Vietnam" @default.
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