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• W592602954 abstract "INTRODUCTION Defining the term while seemingly inconsequential at first blush, is an essential preliminary inquiry in almost any maritime law dispute. In Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, Florida. (1) the Supreme Court's latest pronouncement on what it means to be a vessel, the Court inserts a reasonable observer standard and a designed to a practical degree element into the inquiry, which may upset long-settled law in admiralty. Part I explains through various examples why status as a is important in admiralty jurisdiction. (2) Part II (3) discusses the Supreme Court's latest cases defining a including Stewart v. Dutra Construction Company () and Lozman. Part III.A analyzes how the Court arrives at the new test under Lozman, specifically how it adds a reasonable observer standard and a designed to a practical degree element to the inquiry. (5) In addition, Part III.B considers whether Lozman categorically denies status to houseboats. (6) Furthermore, Part III.C evaluates the inherent subjectivity that such a test creates since it is unclear how the reasonable observer--whoever she is--will base her determination, especially with the modicum of guidance provided in the designed to a practical degree element of the test. (7) Additionally, Part III.D examines whether the test under Lozman is necessary and argues that it may not be. (8) Lastly, Part III.E reviews the possible effects this new test may have on maritime industries. (9) I. THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING A VESSEL Whether or not a floating craft is a vessel is often central to determining whether a court may exercise admiralty jurisdiction. Once a federal maritime claim is alleged, the claimant may bring an action in federal court exercising admiralty jurisdiction under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution. (10) In addition, the savings to suitors clause of 28 U.S.C. [section] 1333 (11) allows for many, if not most, maritime matters where a remedy recognized at common law existed to be heard in state court rather than in federal court under admiralty jurisdiction. (12) In other words, for many maritime claims the plaintiff will be able to choose his or her forum. Parts i.A-I.C will discuss actions and claims that often cannot be heard in admiralty jurisdiction if they do not involve a vessel. (13) These actions highlight that determining whether a floating craft is a is often the first procedural inquiry that must be answered before reaching any substantive maritime claims. A. Actions and Remedies Available to Vessels Certain claims and defenses are only available once a structure has been determined a vessel. Limitation of liability is available as a defense to owners, limiting their liability to the value of the to the extent provided for by statute. (14) Likewise, in rem actions are claims available against a that allow a claimant to arrest and sell the to pay a maritime lien. (15) Limitation of liability and in rem actions often cannot be brought or raised unless a is involved. (16) i. Limitation of Liability Status as a may limit one's liability to the value of the vessel. The Shipowners' Limitation of Liability Act (17) was enacted in 1851 to encourage the growing maritime trade industries, which at the time were concerned with almost limitless liability from numerous claims. (18) Currently, 46 U.S.C. [section] 30505, governing shipping, limits liability for a variety of property loss and injury claims to the value of a vessel. (19) Under [section] 30306, if the value of the does not cover all expenses for injury or death after the loss, the statute includes a formula that may increase recovery based on the tonnage of the vessel. (20) With limitation of liability now embedded within the corporate structure, (21) the policy concerns underlying the enactment of this statute and its predecessor are less relevant. …" @default.
• W592602954 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W592602954 date "2014-01-01" @default.
• W592602954 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W592602954 title "Defining a Vessel in Admiralty: I Know It When I See It." @default.
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