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- W59691694 abstract "Epidemiologic studies have identified hundreds of risk factors and risk markers for development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). The established risk factors for CVD include dyslipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, diabetes and impaired fasting glucose, and family history of premature CVD. Each of the measured risk factors confers risk in a continuous, graded fashion, with no clear threshold levels above which risk increases sharply, or below which risk is absent. Each of the established risk factors is associated with increased risk for CVD independent of the others. However, consideration of each risk factor in isolation is insufficient to classify an individual’s global CVD risk. Each risk factor is associated with markedly elevated levels of risk when placed in the context of greater burden of other risk factors. Multivariable risk formulas, such as the Framingham risk score, have been developed to assist in estimating an individual’s absolute risk for CHD over 10 years, in order to guide treatment decisions for primary prevention of CVD. For younger individuals, in whom 10-year risks are likely to be low, consideration should be given to the absolute lifetime risk for CVD. The intensity of preventive therapy should match the level of estimated absolute risk. Risk factors often occur together, or cluster, within individuals. This is particularly seen in individuals with the metabolic syndrome, a complex syndrome involving increased visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevations in inflammatory and prothrombotic markers. Multiple newer risk markers have been identified that are associated with CVD risk independent of the established risk factors. Whereas these newer risk markers provide important insights into the process of atherogenesis, none has yet proven to be worthy of routine screening and treatment. Effective prevention of CVD requires more intensive lifestyle modification at the population and individual level and at younger ages, greater recognition of the concept of global CVD risk, and more aggressive preventive efforts, especially among elderly individuals, who are at highest risk. KeywordsCoronary Heart DiseaseFramingham Heart StudyFramingham Risk ScoreEstablished Risk FactorFramingham StudyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves." @default.
- W59691694 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W59691694 creator A5044158736 @default.
- W59691694 creator A5066185880 @default.
- W59691694 date "2007-01-01" @default.
- W59691694 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
- W59691694 title "Coronary Risk Factors: An Overview" @default.
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