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• W602028725 abstract "Vietnamese has been demonstrated to be a Mon-Khmer Austroasiatic language (Haudricourt 1954, Shorto 2006), albeit one which differs substantially from the typical Austroasiatic phonological template (Alves 2001). Some of that linguistic transformation was most likely due in part to language contact with Chinese, primarily through the massive lexical borrowing that took place over the past two millennia. However, the question of the sociolinguistic conditions under which this borrowing occurred over this large period of time has nevertheless been little described. The main purpose of this paper is to consider the borrowing of grammatical vocabulary in particular from Chinese into Vietnamese to exemplify the long-term Sino-Vietnamese language contact. This requires an exploration of the socio-historical context in which the elements of Chinese came into Vietnamese and a sorting out of the spoken versus literary means of transmission of linguistic borrowing. This case study in the borrowing of grammatical vocabulary sheds light on the issues of language contact and linguistic borrowing when a prestigious written language is accessible to a linguistic community. Overview A database being amassed by this author indicates that well over 400 Vietnamese words, considered native vocabulary today, were most likely borrowed via a spoken means of transmission around the time of the Han Dynasty (though some possibly as late as the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, which began in the 7 century CE). This large number of early loanwords at least in part the result of the immigration of some twenty thousand Chinese soldier-settlers who were sent to Vietnamese and brought with them many of the cultural customs and material trappings of Chinese civilization (Taylor 1983:49). The Han Dynasty was, however, the only period in which such a large quantity of spoken Chinese was directly borrowed without the powerful influence of written Chinese. It is the assertion here that the early foundation of Chinese culture in the Han Dynasty coupled with the second major spread of Chinese culture during the powerful Tang Dynasty (7 to 10 1 The database is based on work by numerous scholars, including primarily Haudricourt 1954, Wang 1958, Mei 1970, Pulleyblank 1981 and 1984, and Nguy n T. C. 1995. Admittedly, complete certainty of loanword status of the words in the database is impossible to achieve. Instead, the author has evaluated a range of high to low certainty based on the overall phonetic and semantic patterns, coupled with historically documented details about the kinds of social contact at that time. Of the over 500 words, nearly 300 have been evaluated as highly likely Old Chinese loanwords, about 150 are at medium certainty, and about 40 are at low certainty." @default.
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• W602028725 date "2009-01-01" @default.
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• W602028725 title "Sino-Vietnamese grammatical vocabulary and sociolinguistic conditions for borrowing" @default.
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