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- W604444274 abstract "Common reed, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel has recently become an invasive in freshwater and brackish wetlands in North America. Particularly along the Atlantic Coast, P. australis is forming large monospecific stands that replace native wetland vegetation and provide poor habitat for native biota. The reasons for the rapid spread of P. australis are unclear. Although fossil rhizomes of the plant were recently discovered in North America, the current population explosion is often attributed to accidental introductions of more competitive genotypes. Regardless of its status as introduced or indigenous, invasions of P. australis are a threat to biodiversity in natural wetlands and have resulted in intensive control attempts. Chemical, mechanical, and physical control or combinations of these methods can suppress P. australis in the short-term, however treatments need to be repeated every 3-5 yrs and may have undesirable effects on non-target species. Twenty eight insect herbivore species feed on P. australis in North America. However, only 5 of these are native to North America whereas 13 species have recently been introduced accidentally. In contrast to the scarcity of native herbivores associated with P. australis in North America, more than 140 insect species feed on P. australis in Europe and Asia Minor and for at least 55 of these P. australis is the only known host plant. During field surveys in 4 European countries for host specific endophagous herbivores between 1998-1999 we found more than 20 insect species mining in rhizomes and/or shoots of P. australis. The majority of species were shoot flies, gall midges, or moths. Since these insect groups are considered to have minor potential for biological control, data on their distribution, abundance, feeding niche and damage caused to the host plant were collected to estimate the control potential of each species. It is concluded that some of the herbivore species have good potential to become important control agents for P. australis in North America. However, any management strategy needs to weigh and balance the current negative ecological and economical impacts of P. australis-invasions and current control attempts against benefits and potential risks of a biological control program, a process which requires a dialogue of all stakeholder groups involved." @default.
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- W604444274 date "2000-01-01" @default.
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- W604444274 title "Shoot flies, gall midges, and shoot and rhizome mining moths associated with common reed in Europe and their potential for biological control." @default.
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