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- W610033530 abstract "This chapter describes the difference between crystal and glass. It characterizes the various types of atomic arrangements in crystal space lattices. The chapter describes the technique of X-ray diffraction used to determine the structure of materials. A majority of metals and a significant number of ceramics and organic polymers are found in the crystalline state. Moreover, all substances can exist in three physical states—solid, liquid, or gas. It is the balance between cohesive energy and thermal energy that determines the physical state of a substance. Ceramics lie between metals and polymers in their tendency to crystallize. Crystal is the most common state of matter for materials. Crystalline solids are characterized by atoms or molecules arranged periodically in three spatial directions in a strict sequence defining the crystal structure. The balance between the cohesive energy bringing atoms together, and the thermal energy tending to separate them, determines the physical state of a substance, such as solid, liquid, or gas. At present, monocrystalline silicon remains the indispensable material for the microelectronic industry for integrated circuit manufacture. It is found in computers, watches, hi-fi audio equipment, and robotics and computerization machinery because of its semiconducting characteristics." @default.
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- W610033530 date "2002-01-01" @default.
- W610033530 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W610033530 title "Structure of solids" @default.
- W610033530 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-2-84299-286-6.50009-3" @default.
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