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• W610885021 abstract "Much attention has been given to the selection of appraisal procedures in evaluating pupil achievement. There are numerous hierarchical approaches which may be used to appraise pupil progress as well as those that tend to be more democratic. Hierarchical Procedures of Evaluation Hierarchical evaluation procedures emphasize a top down approach in making decisions on evaluating pupil achievement. State departments of education who appoint and supervise the determination of objectives and test items in criterion referenced tests (CRTs) is an example. Personnel appointed by the state department of education should be known for their knowledge and capabilities in writing the objectives and appraisal procedures. Objectives in CRTs need to be clearly written so that teachers on the local level may implement these statements of intent in the classroom. Each teacher needs to select learning opportunities so that pupils may achieve the state mandated objectives. CRTs are used to appraise the level of achievement of each learner's progress. Results from the tests may be used to indicate how well each school district is doing. Comparisons may be made among the different school districts and even between classrooms of pupil achievement (1). Assumptions on hierarchical approaches in evaluating pupil achievement are the following: 1. What pupils are to achieve in terms of objectives can be determined by specialists in subject matter areas. 2. Subject matter specialists are in the best position to determine what is relevant for pupils to acquire. 3. Measurement specialists who specialize in testing and measuring should write the test items. Thus, validity and reliability should be in emphasis in testing (2). 4. A norm referenced group of pupils can be chosen carefully and statistically who are representative of pupils in the general population. Pupils test results may then be compared with the norm group. 5. Pupils who have taken the test(s) may receive notice of their results in terms of percentiles, standard deviations, and/or semi-interquartile ranges. Pupils' test results may be compared with other classrooms, schools, and school districts. Competition is good for learners and promotes achievement (3). Democratic Procedures of Evaluation In a democracy, pupils with teacher assistance need to be involved in decision making. A somewhat, recent approach to evaluating pupil achievement involves the portfolio approach. Portfolios are developed within the pupil's classroom and with local teacher help. External personnel such as from the state department of education, state selected subject matter specialists, as well as professional measurement and evaluation specialists are not involved in portfolio development. The pupil with teacher assistance determines what goes into a portfolio to indicate learner achievement. Thus, the everyday writings and other products of school lessons and units may become a part of the portfolio. …" @default.
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• W610885021 date "2000-03-22" @default.
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• W610885021 title "Choosing Evaluation Procedures" @default.
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