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• W61508066 abstract "The War on Drugs campaign waged by Congress during the Reagan era was soundly defeated, especially, in its attempt to discourage use among the general public because of several significant factors. First, in 1986, two Drug Enforcement Administration agents were killed in Mexico. Second, Len Bias, the Maryland University basketball player, died from a overdoes. And finally, crack, a cooked form of cocaine, became a widespread menace to society. These issues resulted in a national media campaign which culminated with the introduction of the two most successful ads ever written to combat addiction. These ads are the famous, Cocaine, the Big Lie and Just Say No To Drugs. Initially, the media campaign was somewhat successful. Unfortunately - this success was short lived. Shoemaker (1989) stated: Although media coverage of illegal drugs steadily increased during the early 1980's, the biggest increase in media emphasis on drugs occurred during the summer and early fall of 1986 ... Although use had steadily increased during the 1970's, active use among high school seniors and young adults ... actually declined between 1981 and 1986. Most of the decline was in usage of marijuana; use remained steady. (p. 2) In order to help discourage the upsurge of use among teenagers, attention relative to etiology and identification, treatment/remediation, education, and public school education just be addressed. Pellow & Jengeleski (1991) argued that there should be more attention directed to education programs in the public schools. They stated that: There are three types of education programs: those that focus on supplying factual information about drugs (prevention), those that are concerned with attitudes, feelings, and values (prevention), and those that deal more directly with behavior. Most newer programs contain components of all three approaches (p. 204) In addition to education, afflicted children should be diagnosed subsequent to treatment and remediation, since early recognition is essential if significant gains are to be expected. Once afflicted school age children have been properly diagnosed, treatment and remediation must be designed to focus on cognitive and affective deficiencies. Remediation is dependent on adequate identification of sensory deprivation modalities. Finally, the general public must be thoroughly informed of the catastrophic consequences associated with abuse. The logical vehicle for launching awareness information is via mass media campaigns like the earlier ads against abuse. However, this approach should be more intense with broader infamous messages. In an attempt to provide a better understanding of this dilemma, information relative to history, characteristics, etiology, educational, and behavioral intervention options will be reviewed relative to substance abuse. Historical Perspective: The Crock Baby Syndrome is characterized by newborn infants who are immediately identified by the delivering physician as being prenatally exposed to substance abuse. Interestingly, these infants have many of the same traits common to adult users. While the term, Crack Baby, is commonly used in the literature, the term is actually a misnomer. Infants exposed to drugs during the prenatal stage of development are actually exposed to many types of narcotics at the same time, and not just crack. Neuspiel (1993) stated that: ...problems detected in the minority of exposed children should not be simplistically attributed to the drug, since many other risk factors may be present, such as exposure to tobacco smoke, lead, poor housing, limited nutrition, and other health and social problems. (p.407) As these children grow up and enter school, they are greeted by school personnel with labels such as, drug baby, drug afflicted children, crack affected children, and cocaine exposed children, Thus, the name adopted for use in the present report, Prenatal Substance Afflicted Children (PSAC) is substituted for the term, crack baby. …" @default.
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• W61508066 date "1996-09-22" @default.
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• W61508066 title "Prenatal Substance Afflicted Children: An Overview and Review of the Literature" @default.
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