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• W622180097 abstract "I. A BACKWARD GLANCE: THE WARREN COURT AND ITS LEGACY The administration of the criminal law ranked high among the disputed areas of jurisprudence attributed to the activism of the Warren Court. Perhaps best known to the public were the Miranda warnings intended to protect the accused and to prevent acts of intimidation by police and prosecutors intent upon securing confessions from those unaware of their rights. (1) In addition to Miranda and other deterrents largely derived from the Fifth Amendment, the Warren Court majority completed much of the incorporation or absorption of the Bill of Rights, making most federal criminal safeguards applicable to the states. The process led to what has been termed the creation of a national criminal code heretofore unknown in a country where criminal law proceedings lay almost exclusively within the purview of the states. (2) That many of the activities of the Warren Court were reviled, not only in the law enforcement community, but also elsewhere within the cadre of state and local officials, became evident as controversial decisions continued to emerge. A conference of the nation's state chief justices took the unprecedented and extraordinary step of condemning a number of the initiatives of the United State Supreme Court as contrary to accepted principles of state autonomy. (3) The conferees urge[d] the desirability of self-restraint on the part of the Supreme Court in the exercise of the vast powers committed to it. (4) While the Court was not without its defenders, (5) the persistence of decisional excesses elicited a rebuke from literate critics. (6) The outcry among members of law enforcement dominated the fray with claims that the actions of the Warren Court threatened to undermine the social order. (7) Less dramatic in its public impact, but equally if not more rankling to those committed to vigorous enforcement of the criminal law, was the earlier application of the exclusionary rule to the states. (8) The rule, long a buttress of the Fourth Amendment in defense of individual rights, served to exclude evidence obtained by way of an unlawful seizure from introduction at trial. (9) In fact, the rule had been subjected to intense criticism from its inception, in part for want of a clearly specified objective. (10) Was it intended to discourage untoward police conduct, to maintain the integrity of the courts, or to secure a combination of ends not clearly set forth? If outright abandonment of the exclusionary rule was difficult to justify, its extension to the states promised to add fuel to a law enforcement community soon to be beset by other assaults on its essential battery of weapons against the underworld. There followed the inclusion of additional elements in the Warren Court's effort to contain prosecutorial excesses. Such cases as Gideon v. Wainwright, ensuring indigent defendants counsel in state criminal trials, (11) Malloy v. Hogan, making the Fifth Amendment's self-incrimination clause binding upon the states, (12) and Griffin v. California, forbidding adverse comments on a defendant's refusal to testify in criminal cases, added to the series of rights made applicable. (13) It remained for Miranda to supply the fervency for the tirades that ensued. If the public was not moved to react with unusual negativism to the safeguards afforded the accused at trial, Miranda served as an especially provocative irritant that, for some, seemed to exceed the bounds of propriety. The succeeding Burger Court predictably should have reversed or at least modified many of the precedents established during the Warren Court years. To the surprise of many court watchers, no major turnabout came to pass and dramatic changes were sparse. (14) The Burger Court reflected a tribunal in perpetual transition, groping for issues of moment, not a Court committed to undoing the work of its predecessor. (15) Even the attacks upon Miranda often were overstated and marginal rather than frontal assaults to eliminate its basic core. …" @default.
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• W622180097 date "2006-03-22" @default.
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• W622180097 title "Advances and Departures in the Criminal Law of the States: A Selective Critique" @default.
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