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• W625522018 abstract "BEFORE KIPLING BROUGHT JANE AUSTEN into the trenches of World War I, Owen Wister took her to the American West in his novel The Virginian (1902). Wister's novel was astonishingly popular, topping the bestseller lists in 1902 and 1903. (1) As an archetypal Western novel, The Virginian casts a long shadow over American culture, as the figures of the strong, laconic cowboy and the virginal schoolmarm (and their doubles, the villainous cattle rustler and the lady of pleasure) meet in a land of opportunity, violence, and romance. While Austen represents the European (and arguably the East Coast) culture that Westerners felt they must repudiate, Wister's novel shows that that repudiation was not complete. Or put differently: the traditional American Western is more Austenian than it appears to be at first glance. That Austen's novels maintained their cultural currency in 19th- and early 20th-century America cannot be doubted. James Fenimore Cooper wrote his first novel, Precaution (1820), as an imitation of Austen's Persuasion. Although Austen was vilified by some in the period (mostly notably by Mark Twain and Ralph Waldo Emerson), she had many influential advocates: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Agnes Repplier (the romance revivalist), and most famously, William Dean Howells. (2) Austen was being read, and contemporary authors like Henry James and Howells were acknowledged as literary heirs of Austen. James and Howells were also family friends of the Wisters, and both served as mentors for Owen Wister, who valued their opinions even after achieving literary success. (3) Whether they discussed Austen with Wister is not certain; yet the literary principles of James and Howells, which reflected the influence of Austen, were available to Wister. Wister's references to Austen in The Virginian draw attention to their mutual preoccupations with literacy, gender, and class. Obviously, mentioning Austen does not automatically signal the presence of a Janeite. Rather, the references and allusions to Austen in The Virginian function as literary shorthand, as Wister acknowledges and seemingly resists Austen's canonical status while he grapples with courtship narrative, manners, and social structure. I want to emphasize that Austen's influence on The Virginian is not pervasive; there are multiple references to Shakespeare in The Virginian, and Wister's novel exemplifies the American frontier narrative as established by James Fenimore Cooper, Mark Twain, and Theodore Roosevelt. (4) Nor is it that every novel that involves courtship owes a debt to Austen. In fact, Wister's hero begins his courtship in the least Austenian manner possible, by proclaiming to Molly, You're goin' to love me before we get through (98). But as the novel progresses the Virginian learns to court Molly as an Austenian hero would, eschewing flirtatiousness for attentiveness, patience, and tellingly, silence. Wister, like Austen, creates a world permeated by silence--in the speaking silences of conversations, in the authorial silences that attempt to shape reader response, and in the critical silences of irony. (5) This rhetoric of silence allows Wister and Austen to analyze society, simultaneously exposing and justifying cultural dynamics and ideological imperatives. The questions of civility and civilization unite Austen and Wister, despite the particularities of history and culture that divide them. Although characterized as politically and socially conservative, Austen and Wister complicate traditional positions by presenting ideological tensions, if not subversion, within their works. (6) Both justify social hierarchy but question the ways that it is enacted, by privileging the recognition of individual merit over the conventionally inscribed authority of family and class. As both authors often elicit nostalgia from modern readers, it is their similarities of ideology and method that are striking, and, I would argue, reveal unexpected, unexplored affinities between Austen and Wister. …" @default.
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• W625522018 date "2005-01-01" @default.
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• W625522018 title "Calamity Jane? Austen and Owen Wister's the Virginian" @default.
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