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• W629936312 abstract "Introduction Introduction of exotic resources is (and even more significantly, was) a wide-spread practice in almost every European country with a forestry tradition. It is especially so for the host country of this meeting, Great Britain, where introduced conifers play a predominant role in forestry (e.g. Samuel et al. this volume). The examples I will use in this paper, however, will be mostly drawn from French ecosystems and forests. They should be considered as models or case studies of a general European situation. I will very often use data from studies performed on Cedrus atlantica Carr. at INRA Avignon, France. An introduced resource can be defined as a resource voluntarily or involuntarily brought by humans into an area where it was not present before. The introduction of forest trees is often the result of a voluntary germplasm (seed, cutting, graft) transfer. A forest resource can be considered introduced at several taxonomic levels-the most common levels considered are species and subspecies. The species Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco was introduced to Europe from North America, the subspecies Pinus nigra subsp. laricio var. corsicana Hyl. was introduced to continental Europe from Corsica. The notion can be extended to further taxonomic levels. Plant material that comes from very different regions of provenance, new improved varieties or any plant material that presents identifiable genetic differences with the native populations of the same species, would qualify as introduced resources. The concept of introduction should also be approached with space and time perspectives. Within a single country or region, resources can be both introduced and native. In France for example, Larix decidua Mill. is native in many mountain ecosystems, although its lowland forests are made of progeny introduced from the Sudeten and Poland. Pinus pinaster Aiton is introduced in the inland part of the Landes region (19th century plantations), and native to parts of its coastal dunes. As for time, the further we are from the actual introduction, the more we tend to consider a resource as native. At the scale of the last 15 000 years, almost no forest tree is native to its current distribution area in Europe. At human scale, it seems that a few human generations are sufficient to accept an exotic species as part of the natural landscape, and consider it as native. The acceptance threshold might be when we have no more direct contact with, or no immediate memory of, the people who were responsible for the introduction. There is evidence that Cupressus sempervirens L. and Pinus pinea L. were introduced by the Romans in southwestern Mediterranean Europe (Thirgood 1981), where they are definitely considered as native today. Cedrus atlantica was introduced into southern France during the second half of the 19th century. It is now often considered as a natural part of the landscape by city people who enjoy walks under its now closedcanopy forests, although at the same time it is considered as invasive by local natural land managers. Thus, most conifer resources should be considered as introduced exotics in Europe. Seeds of forests species, such as Larix decidua, Picea abies Karst., Pinus nigra Am., P. sylvestris L. and P. uncinata Ramond ex DC are known to have been moved over thousands of kilometres in huge quantities across the whole of Europe at the end of the 19th century and during the 20th century (see Bartoli and Demesure-Musch (2003) for France). In the following discussion, I will mostly consider introduced forest trees at species and subspecies levels. I will focus on the most recent and massive introductions that occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries." @default.
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• W629936312 date "2003-10-18" @default.
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• W629936312 title "Introduced forest tree species: some genetic and ecological consequences" @default.
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