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• W631900281 abstract "To date, workstation designers cannot see the effects of a design on working posture before a mock-up/prototype is available. At that moment, usually the margin for creating the conditions required for adopting favourable working postures is still very limited. Posture prediction at an early design phase, i.e. at the CAD screen, would enhance full consider-ation of ergonomics among other design aspects, as well as reducing costs for proper workstation design. For prediction, however, the determinants of postures have to be known. This thesis describes those determinants, as well as evaluation criteria for working postures. Data are obtained from the literature, as well as from studies by the author on visual-manual operations, i.e. sewing machine operation, VDU operation, pneumatihing, oxy-gas cutting, grinding, and press operation. Using a standard-ized research approach, these studies describe the effects of the adjustment of workstations with respect to working posture and workers' perceptions. The latter are short-term effects, such as postural discom-fort, due to physical load exposure of limited dur-ation. The following summarizes in short where we are now and what may be done in the near future in order to end up eventually with a posture prediction and evaluation tool for designers of workstations. This thesis demonstrates that important determinants of working postures are formed by visual interferences, as well as by the interfaces with an actuator, tool, or object (type and orientation of grip/contact), and the workstation (type of body support). In a quantitative way we know now quite well the single postural effects of the up-/downward gaze direction, and the reach positions for the hands and the feet straight in front of the body. Such a position cannot yet be taken up as regards sideways directions for gaze and reach. Furthermore, very little is known about possible interactions of various demands concerning vision, hand/foot control, and body stability. Therefore, straight-forward systematic kinematic research is indicated, for establishing the single (in an additional sense) and combined effects of the generic operation demands just mentioned. For a full evaluation of a working posture as regards physical load, many other parameters should be taken into account, such as the total duration of the operation in question, the holding times and recovery times in the case of a static load, the movement frequency in the case of repetitive movements, etc. However, for a relative evaluation (mutual comparison) of working postures, for instance such as those measured at various workstation adjustments, where other parameters are kept constant (task performance, duration of operation, etc.), the spatial orientation of body segments is mainly to be considered. In this thesis particular attention is given to the head/neck and upper arm segments. For head/neck posture a considerable body of knowledge is already available in the literature, pointing to neck flexion/extension as an evaluation criterion, besides the traditionally used for-/back-ward inclination of the head and/or neck segment. The results regarding almost all visual-manual operations studied support this position. Furthermore, these studies provide insight into relatively unfavourable neck postures, i.e. a particular, likely maximum, flexion position, as well as an extension position. Such a knowledge base does not exist for asymmetric head/neck postures. For upper arm posture, a few literature sources point to the direction of the elevated upper arm (for-/sidewards, i.e. projected in the sagittal/frontal plane of the upright trunk, respectively) as a determi-nant of shoulder (girdle) load. This could not be demonstrated by means of the experimental mental results obtained. The latter results, however, lead to the conclusion that the position of the upper arm with respect to the trunk, i.e. shoulder flexion/retroflexion in particular, is to be used as an evaluation criterion for working postures, besides the traditionally used elevation of the upper arm. On the basis of the foregoing it is concluded that the knowledge base for evaluation of head/neck posture is less immature than for upper arm posture. As regards the directions for future research with respect to the evaluation of working postures, however, it is considered even more important to realize that our generic knowledge on the effects of time domain parameters (duration, frequency) is relatively scarce." @default.
• W631900281 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W631900281 date "1999-01-01" @default.
• W631900281 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W631900281 title "Working postures: prediction and evaluation" @default.
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