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• W63645785 abstract "Defense counsel must prepare for claims based on theories that are not part of traditional history and requirements of law IT HAS long been a fundamental tenet of American law that a cause of action requires an injury. In recent years, however, many courts have loosened this requirement significantly, so that a host of causes of action are recognized now in absence of a quantifiable injury. Speculative or even phantom harms now can form basis of protracted and expensive litigation. No manufacturer, insurer or professional service provider can ignore this unfortunate trend, which must be examined so as to alert defense practitioners as to possible defense theories. PRECEDENTS A. Injury and English word tort derives from Latin word tortus, meaning twisted, and French word meaning or wrong. In essence, purpose of law is to make an party whole. Thus, law imposes duties on individuals to prevent of others.1 Restatement (Second) of Torts defined terms and in accordance with common understanding of those terms. According to Sections 7(1), 7(2) and 7(3) of Restatement (Second), injury denotes the invasion of any legally protected interest of Harm is defined liberally as the existence of loss or detriment in fact of any kind to a person resulting from any cause. means then impairment of human body, or of land or chattels. In 2001, American Law Institute sought to clarify definition of in Section 4 of Tentative Draft No. 1 of Restatement (Third) of Torts, Liability for Physical Harm, by adding sentence, The physical impairment of human body includes physical illness, disease, and death. However, from Comment a to that section, it does not appear that ALI intended any significant change in traditional understanding of as set out in Restatement (Second). It remains case that an results from infliction of some harm, even though an may result absent any harm. A harmless injury, however, is actionable only because law recognizes and permits a cause of action. For example, a plaintiff is injured under common law when a defendant trespasses on plaintiff's property. law allows plaintiff to recover, even if defendant's intrusion is beneficial, or so transitory that it constitutes no interference with or detriment to land or its beneficial enjoyment, to quote Comment a to Section 7 of Restatement (Second).2 Conversely, a harm may exist without a legal or invasion of a legally protected interest. For example, when a friend or family member dies of natural causes, there is no legally protected despite loss.3 To maintain a cause of action in tort, a plaintiff usually must prove that a defendant invaded plaintiff's legally protected interest, and that this resulted in harm to plaintiff. According to Comment d to Section 7 of Restatement (Second), emotional distress alone is not actionable unless there are physical consequences. Usually plaintiff also must show that resulting harm is not remote, speculative, hypothetical or uncertain.4 Nevertheless, recent trends have allowed plaintiffs to expand Restatement (Second) definition of to cover injuries that are speculative or that exist only in minds of those claiming them. Allowing plaintiffs to relax or eliminate burden of proving actual and harm renders meaningless singular purpose of law: to make whole a plaintiff who has sustained an actual injury. B. Actual Injury Requirement Traditionally, there was no cause of action in unless there was actual loss or damage resulting to interests of another. For example, Fifth Circuit has stated, While sale of a defective product creates a potential for liability, law grants no cause of action for inchoate wrongs. …" @default.
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• W63645785 date "2004-07-01" @default.
• W63645785 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W63645785 title "The Uninjured Plaintiff: New Frontiers of Liability: Defense Counsel Must Prepare for Tort Claims Based on Theories That Are Not Part of the Traditional History and Requirements of Tort Law" @default.
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