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• W637594345 abstract "When the Kennedy/Johnson ticket won the executive branch in 1960, Lyndon Johnson needed to make the Vice Presidency viable. Johnson's delivery of a speech on Memorial Day in 1963 on the former battlefield of Gettysburg shows how he achieved this goal. This study examines a speech delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson in which he set forth his policies relating to one crisis: race relations in America during the 1960s. Johnson was vice president, serving in the Kennedy administration, when he delivered his Gettysburg Address. While embellishing on Lincoln's freeing of the slaves, Johnson's address parallels the call to patriotism expressed by another great leader, Pericles, in 450 BCE. Johnson expands upon the duty inherent within a citizenry that is needed to preserve democracy--a duty expressed by Pericles and clarified by Lincoln. By examining this one speech delivered at Gettysburg in 1963, the direct correlation to the Gettysburg Address delivered by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 becomes obvious. Both deal with solving the underlying cause of racism. Although Lincoln speaks of giving the slaves their physical freedom (de jure), Johnson speaks of freeing their souls (de facto). In remarkably parallel fashion, both of these men also implicitly express similar beliefs concerning the need for an educated, democratic polity. Comparing Pericles's oration to Lincoln's Gettysburg oration, one realizes that throughout history, men (and women) of power have used words to instill hope in their listeners. This paper examines the words used by Johnson, Lincoln, and Pericles to inspire belief. Additionally, this study suggests that Johnson's words foretell upcoming ways he will work on the issue of race relations in America. Because the issues are so complex and inextricably intertwined, I will argue that the lens of rhetorical study, introduced by Aristotle, offers insight into Johnson's speech. By comparing and contrasting the words Johnson uses with those of Lincoln and Pericles, I will also suggest that words transcend time and indeed have a life--a feeling--of their own. Therefore, using the interrogative method that examines speaker, speech, occasion, and audience, I hope to demonstrate how Johnson's words create their own resonance through history. The examination of Johnson as speaker begins, for us, at the time he occupied the contentious seat of vice president. Although Johnson had a commitment to defend and protect not only the country and what it stands for but also the president whom he served, he still wanted to retain his autonomy (in so-called Texas style). Therefore, it is important to consider how he felt about his time as vice president. Those close to Johnson politically knew that his tenure as vice president was not one he felt particularly proud of. In fact, he openly expressed his disdain when he publically stated, A Vice President is generally like a Texas steer. He has lost his social standing in the society in which he resides (qtd. in Dallek, Lone 576). Johnson's initial lack of respect for the vice presidential mantel, however, obviously served as a kind of red cape to him. He took an active role in international affairs (by making many diplomatic trips abroad and meeting with leaders of various countries, worldwide) as well as fomenting good will with previously marginalized groups in the United States. These initiatives came to bear on a speech that exemplified many of Johnson's efforts to bring America, and the world, together: his 1963 Gettysburg Address (delivered on Memorial Day--30 May). He chose to set forth his points at the same place Lincoln had delivered his Gettysburg Address on 9 November 1863. Even 2500 years ago, leaders recognized the need to acknowledge the validity of fallen soldiers. Pericles performed this through his funeral oration, as transcribed by Thucydides. Pericles's oration gives voice to words that serve as an acknowledgement of important battles fought by a nation's patriots in order to maintain that nation's ideals: Most of those who have spoken here before me have commended the lawgiver who added this oration to our other funeral customs. …" @default.
• W637594345 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W637594345 date "2009-09-01" @default.
• W637594345 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W637594345 title "Vice President Lyndon Johnson: Stepping Up to the Battlefield" @default.
• W637594345 hasPublicationYear "2009" @default.
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