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- W64136671 abstract "Ammonia emissions are associated with many agricultural operations including animal and poultryoperations, waste and wastewater treatment operations, and fertilizer and manure land applications.The fate of ammonia released to atmosphere is affected by interaction with other gases, aerosols,and fine particles. These interactions affect the gas-to-particle conversion. This process altersammonia concentrations downwind from agricultural operations. However, experimental researchand modeling of the gas-to-particle conversion processes in ammonia-rich environments is generallylimited. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge related to gas-to-particle conversionof ammonia.<br><br>Ammonia and inorganic acid gases emitted from livestock and poultry operations and manuretreatment, handling and application can affect air quality by formation of secondary particulate inthe fine, PM2.5 range (a regulated air pollutant). The process of gas-to-particle conversion of relativelyshort-lived gaseous ammonia to more persistent fine particulate can affect local and regionalair quality far away from the agricultural sources. Emissions of ammonia from livestock and poultryoperations can potentially be detrimental to the air quality in non-compliance areas. Severalmodels for the formation of fine PM from substrates such as ammonia are available and have beenused for air quality modeling on a local and regional scale. These models can be adapted or modifiedto include emissions of ammonia and acid gases from livestock and poultry operations.<br><br>More research is needed to improve the knowledge related to the role of ammonia gas-to-particleconversion. These needs include: (1) simultaneous field measurements of ammonia and acid gasesat typical livestock and poultry sources, (2) development of emission factors for ammonia and acidgases, (3) incorporation of ammonia from agricultural sources to local and regional air qualitymodels, and (4) modeling the fate of ammonia and acid gases emissions from livestock and poultryoperations." @default.
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- W64136671 date "2006-01-01" @default.
- W64136671 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W64136671 title "GAS-TO-PARTICLE CONVERSION PROCESS BETWEEN AMMONIA, ACID GASES, AND FINE PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE" @default.
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- W64136671 doi "https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.20254" @default.
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