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• W647119858 abstract "ABSTRACT.This study proposes an analysis of Romanian voting system, the mechanisms by which governments have tried to maximize electoral chances, through the constitutional regulations during 1858-1939, and accordingly, the three fundamental legal acts. The period mentioned aims modem Romania with its two forms of government: monarchy and republic, so we are talking about the royal constitutions: 1866, 1923 and 1938 and the Constitutions of the Republic - totalitarian initially, then after 1989, based on freedom and equality: 1948, 1952, 1965 and 1990. It should be noted that modem Romania knows three periods of constitutional vacuum: between 5th September 1940 and September 2nd 1944, and between 30th December 1947 and 13th of April 1948 and between 22nd December 1989 and 8th December 1991.Keywords: voting, electoral system, eligibility, elections1. IntroductionThe concern regarding the designation of those invested with authority has existed since the first pre state formations: communities, unions, communities, principalities, countries or principalities. Historical records confirm that the Reign institution in both principalities, far from being absolute, was restricted on one hand by the establishments of unwritten law, the custom, and on the other hand it received the Royal Council, composed of boyars and subsequently boyars and governors although the principle of separation of powers is a modem idea in this period. There is no determined difference between judicial and executive attributions, as it is not significant that important political acts ended with the advice and consent of the nobles.2 It is widely accepted that the reign was hereditary, elective and annuity.Evolution of governance forms of the Romanian society should be seen in terms of social unrest, economic and political situation but also in terms of external political influences on our past. Since the election of the Lord, through his confirmation by all subjects on the field of Direptate3 to the election of the president by universal suffrage, the Romanian electoral system was marked by many changes.1.1. Romanian Election Vision in ProjectsThe act with constitutional value in 1858, designs a political system for permanent organization of the principalities based on the principle of separation of powers, entrusting the Lord with the executive and legislative powers, the latter being collectively exercised by the Lord, by an Elective Assembly of every principality and a common Central Committee, as a parity body.Composed of 16 members, its role was to set up laws of common interest in the two Principalities, to codify laws and revise Organic Regulations. The Convention brings the significant novelty in the election, dividing the voters on two criteria: the membership in urban and rural and dividing voters in direct and indirect voters. The beneficiaries of the direct vote in the counties were those who had at least a thousand ducats, and in the cities, those who have completed a capital of a thousand ducats land or personal property dotal good. The indirect vote was reserved for those from counties that had an income of at least a hundred ducats, while direct vote covered urban and rural elite.4 Eligibility requirements and the exclusions from voting were found in the regulations of the current constitutional profile. Thus, in order to be elected, candidates had to be 30 years old and have an income of 400 ducats. Limitations in exercising the right to vote were provided for the following categories: those under prohibition, those who depended on a foreign jurisdiction, who had been convicted to prison. Senior officers were exempted from census if they were no longer in service, those who practiced free professions and former senior officials in the state apparatus.5The convention contributed to the establishment of the unique Romanian citizenship dispositions on the line of union, by establishing the principle that Moldovans and Valachs are to be equally admitted to public functions to both principalities,6 but also through the regulation that deputies could be elected only if they were bom or naturalized Romanians. …" @default.
• W647119858 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W647119858 creator A5075009155 @default.
• W647119858 date "2013-07-01" @default.
• W647119858 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W647119858 title "A Historical Perspective on Romanian Constitutional and Electoral System" @default.
• W647119858 hasPublicationYear "2013" @default.
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