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• W65014403 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION Few aphorisms of criminal law are as exquisitely enigmatic as Blackstone's rule: it is better that guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer. (1) The number ten conveys an air of deliberation and precision, as well as justifiable concern about the need to honor the presumption of innocence principle, but the rule is vague on the essentials. It is silent about whether the rule should apply equally to all criminal offenders and offenses--serial rapists and shoplifters alike, for example--and mute about the policy implications of the rule for police, prosecutors, judges, and correctional officials. It is silent also about whether a number much larger than is acceptable. (2) This essay attempts to make these matters explicit, to identify each of the primary sources of miscarriages of justice and ask how they might be managed more effectively and to raise questions about the validity of the number along the way. The scholarly literature on miscarriages of justice has focused primarily on wrongful convictions, and with good reason: the presumption of innocence is a bedrock principle in our system of criminal justice. But miscarriages occur on both plates of the justice goddess's balance scale. They begin at the point of community failures to report serious crimes and police failures to respond to the ones that are reported. They include wrongful arrests and convictions, as well as wrongful dismissals and acquittals. Miscarriages of justice often continue conviction, through sentencing, correctional treatment, and eventually, to failures to support the successful reintegration of offenders back to the community. In fact, many more than culpable offenders escape for every innocent wrongfully convicted in the United States. Consider first the left-hand side of the 10-to-1 ratio: well over 10 million felony offenses that do not end in conviction are committed annually by adults. (3) As for the right-hand side, wrongful convictions have been estimated at between 0.5 and 1 percent of all felony convictions, (4) which amounts to between 5000 and 10,000 wrongful convictions per year. (5) Hence, we have a number in the neighborhood of 1500 to 3000 culpable adult offenders not convicted in reality for every innocent convicted. (6) One can only speculate what Blackstone would have thought about a number more than two orders of magnitude larger than ten. Some of the sources of miscarriages of justice, on both sides, are outside the direct authority of criminal justice officials. The police can encourage members of the community to report crimes and provide the police with information needed to solve them, but citizens have no legal responsibility to do so. Many groups of individuals have good reasons not to contact the police: fugitives of justice, illegal immigrants, and people whose prior experiences with police have been negative. On the other side, innocent people occasionally find themselves on the wrong end of a perfect storm of circumstances, just due to bad fortune, that induce a jury to conclude erroneously that the defendant is guilty a doubt. Perfect storms cannot be prohibited and are often unmanageable, but the prospects for finding ways to reduce miscarriages of justice caused by officials who are responsible for the pursuit of justice--the police, prosecutors, defense counsel, judges, and correctional officers--may be substantial. Rules of criminal procedure provide a crude system for managing errors of justice. The standard of evidentiary proof escalates as an individual advances from a person of interest to suspect, arrestee, and criminal defendant under prosecution. These rules encourage the police to protect the public by using a lower, less restrictive standard of evidentiary proof to investigate and arrest than is used in the courtroom. As cases move forward, the legal standard of evidence elevates from reasonable suspicion at the interrogation and investigation stage, to probable cause at the stage of arrest, and beyond a doubt at the stage of trial. …" @default.
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• W65014403 date "2011-03-22" @default.
• W65014403 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W65014403 title "Managing Miscarriages of Justice from Victimization to Reintegration" @default.
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