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• W650542587 abstract "This paper utilizes two Internet technologies— traditional web-based “pull” technology and emerging “push” technology—to support learning beyond classroom environment through time and space. It describes generic model that can be adapted to the specific requirements of different courses. We developed two systems based on the model for two courses. One hundred and forty students in six classes evaluated the systems. The evaluation suggests that the systems facilitated learning by providing critical course information in timely manner and in usable formats. The systems were user friendly and increased productivity and convenience of the students. Overall, the students found the systems useful and satisfactory. Introduction and Background Many instructors put course schedule, lecture notes and other teaching material on the web to support classroom-based learning. Recently, an argument is made that the practice has not achieved expected objectives (Young, 1998; Noble, 1998). A close review suggests that there are multiple reasons for the sub-optimal results: • Most course web sites are passive. They lack the interactivity which is crucial in some learning activities such as group discussion, case study analysis, continuing unfinished class discussion, asking questions and immediately receiving answers, clarifying what will be studied in the next class and receiving regular instructor feedback. • When new material is uploaded or old material is revised, most students do not know about it unless they regularly check the course web site. Often critical, time-sensitive material is not reviewed by every student. In addition, the instructor is never sure whether all students reviewed the material. • Not all material is available on the course web sites because many instructors are reluctant to put their intellectual work on the web due to security and possible violation of their intellectual property rights. Or simply they do not have the skills and tools required in HTML/web site design. These reasons are related to the inherent limitations of the web. The web is based on unsecured, static, pull technology. Under the pull format, content is not available to an intended recipient unless the recipient specifically requests it. For example, web browser does not get us news unless we go to news web site. However, new Internet technology—push technology—has recently emerged to provide solutions for some limitations of pull technology. Push technology is a client software that lets Internet users customize delivery of information directly to their desktops from variety of sources (Levitt, 1997). It evolved as an alternative to the pull-based web from PointCast, Inc.'s personalized broadcasting technology in 1996. In the last three years, it has gone through the full length of the hype curve. By the third quarter of 1997, it rose to the peak of the hype curve with inflated expectations (GartnerGroup, 1997). However, soon after it fell into the trough of disillusion due to its limitations. Recently, it has returned more mature with clear understanding and reasonable expectations. Despite its apparent failure, push technology has several advantages over pull technology. Push technology allows secure delivery of dynamic, multi-media content in real time to pre-defined, intended group of recipients even without requiring them to open web browser. Push technology can be used to deliver time-sensitive information such as news, current inventory level, changes in prices and new product offering more efficiently and effectively. Push technology allows personalization of message or mass customization where large group of receivers can receive system generated but customized information. Push technology allows delivery of information only to the intended recipients. This increases security and reduces risk of exposing sensitive business information to others. Push technology also provides capabilities to ensure that the receiver has received the information and at least viewed it. Push technology can also be used to automatically distribute new applications and data files. However, push technology has some limitations such as network clogging and information overload, which have led to its downfall and kept the technology from being dominant force on the Internet (Hayes, 1997; Mosley-Matchett, 1997; Pflung, 1997). This paper takes an intermediate approach by utilizing hybrid model to support learning. The model is derived from framework proposed by Malhotra, Gosain and Lee (1997) for information delivery and acquisition systems design. The model identifies and integrates useful features of both push and pull technologies to support learning. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the effectiveness of two systems developed based the model in supporting learning." @default.
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• W650542587 title "A Hybrid Push-Pull Model to Support Learning: An Empirical Evaluation" @default.
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