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• W6514215 abstract "In Arizona v. Gant, a five-four decision of the United States Supreme Court essentially overturned a bright-line rule established in New York v. Belton. The rule governed the permissible area where law enforcement was entitled to search following the arrest of a motor vehicle occupant. The rule provided guidance to law enforcement personnel and the courts for twenty-eight years. By changing its reading of Belton, the Court, in essence, is now providing greater protections to individuals who were arrested from a motor vehicle than to those who were arrested from a residence. The holding in Gant requires both law enforcement and the courts to retreat to a case-by-case analysis and leaves all without the guidance provided by a bright-line rule. I. INTRODUCTION On April 21, 2009, the United States Supreme Court, by a five-four vote, narrowed the longstanding bright-line rule established in New York v. Belton. (1) Belton created a bright-line rule allowing law enforcement officers to search the entire passenger compartment of a motor vehicle incident to the arrest of any motor vehicle occupants. (2) In Arizona v. Gant, (3) the United States Supreme Court essentially vacated the twenty-eight year holding from Belton and negated the bright-line rule. (4) Law enforcement officers easily understood and applied the rule when dealing with situations containing both the arrest and motor vehicle variables. (5) Law enforcement officers and the courts used the bright-line rule to prevent the myriad possibilities law enforcement encountered in dealing with motor vehicle stops. (6) Law enforcement lost a significant tool for motor vehicle searches when the generalized blanket ability to search after an occupants arrest was negated. (7) Officers must now choose between the ability to search a motor vehicle under the Gant criterion or utilize what are considered generally accepted officer safety practices. (8) The Gant Court rationale in overruling Belton is fundamentally flawed. (9) Although the decision explicitly recognized the unique circumstances surrounding motor vehicles, it limited the warrantless search to items related to the offense which led to the arrest. (10) The absence of a bright-line rule will leave law enforcement officers without an easy rule to follow and will thereby resurrect the case-by-case analysis that Belton strived to cure. (11) The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution prevents searches that are unreasonable and requires that searches be conducted under the cover of a warrant issued by a neutral magistrate, particularly listing the places to be searched and the things or items to be seized. (12) The United States Supreme Court recognized certain exceptions to the warrant requirement, one of which is search incident to arrest. (13) Over the Years, courts have dealt with searches incident to arrest in differing contexts. (14) Belton settled the issue for searches involving a motor vehicle occupant. (15) The Court recognized a rule that allowed for a search of a motor vehicle's entire interior compartment following the arrest of one of the vehicle's occupants. (16) The Belton holding was the precedential case during its twenty-eight year tenure. (17) In 2004, the Court reviewed and expanded the rule in Thornton v. United States. (18) In Thornton, the Court upheld the constitutionality of post-arrest motor vehicle searches in situations where the suspect had not previously occupied the vehicle. (19) The Court in Belton intended to alleviate the case-by-case analysis that was taking place. (20) Belton established a quintessential bright-line rule which law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and judicial officers embraced as having provided a single, easy to follow, and workable solution to a multitude of different situations. (21) The decision from Gant will cause lower courts and potentially the United States Supreme Court to again address on a case-by-case basis the multitude of variables that existed prior to Belton's creation of a definitive rule. …" @default.
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• W6514215 date "2010-06-22" @default.
• W6514215 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W6514215 title "Arizona V. Gant: Heightening a Person's Expectation of Privacy in a Motor Vehicle Following Searches Incident to Arrest" @default.
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