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• W65637600 abstract "What is it that we talk or write about when we talk or write about the of honors? Almost always we begin with the second term in the phrase, i.e., honors, the enterprise embodied in programs and colleges in which virtually all of the readers of this journal are engaged. If we think at all about the first term, culture, it is almost certainly for no more than a few minutes, if at all, and then move forward to the really important work. As I write this piece, I am at the moment creating a syllabus for a class in the history of culture, to be taught as an honors seminar in the upcoming spring term, and I have been at some pains to define the word culture in terms of content and the methods appropriate to its study. I am confident that the task of definition plays an important role in how we think about and discuss the of honors, and so this essay begins with some preliminary considerations of the concept of culture. To get at a precise meaning of culture, a historical sketch is in order. Such a sketch will provide a means to understand how the term came to have the diverse meanings it has acquired today and help to locate an honors more precisely. By this means we will take a somewhat different route than we would if we were to seek a standard, dictionary definition, but the journey is worth making. We will end at the same point, but by going via a different route we will see a different landscape and become more aware of the nuances in meaning of the word culture and how it came to have the denotations and connotations it now has. The meanings of in the sense that I want to discuss them have evolved from disciplinary and more general discussions during more than a century, and the definitions continue to occupy hotly contested ground. What began as an attempt on the part of a small group of individuals, and later disciplines, to establish a beachhead soon became the site of a major war, if readers will forgive the term. Starting in the nineteenth century in both Europe and the United States, scholars tried to define the notion, and it is a good deal more than a linguistic or philological exercise to provide an appropriate context. The word culture derives from the Latin for worship or religion (a binding together), and by the eighteenth century its usage in English was primarily concerned with cultivation of the land or husbandry, as Raymond Williams in Culture and Society, 1780-1950 has brilliantly shown. Its contemporary meanings having to do with the arts of civilization had not yet come into currency. Secondarily culture became associated with cultivation of the individual, in the sense of refinement of tastes, though no national language dictionary notes this usage as prominent until the middle of the nineteenth century. The Swiss cultural historian Jacob Burckhardt introduced the term into modern discourse in his now famous The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, originally published in 1860, which established him as the founder of cultural history. He strove to write a more complete history of Italy than was the rule in his day, encompassing its cultural productions, including art, religion, and literature, as opposed to the more traditional history writing of the nineteenth century, which was concerned chiefly with politics and military affairs. Burckhardt traced the evolution of modern consciousness and modern to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in Italy, where he also found the birth of the spirit of modern individualism, its hallmark. His work established the notion that this period witnessed the shift from a corporate, collectivist medieval society to one informed by a modern concept of personal autonomy. The new spirit encouraged individual achievement, self-expression, and creativity. Above all, it required strenuous effort on the part of the individual. Of course, Burckhardt realized that not all of Italy, and certainly not every Italian, shared this spirit or benefited from its rebirth, but he believed it fed and characterized the cultural efflorescence that marked the age. …" @default.
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• W65637600 date "2008-03-22" @default.
• W65637600 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W65637600 title "The Culture of Honors" @default.
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