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• W656439 abstract "Even before there was an Oakland School Board, even before there was an Oakland, even before term was invented, there existed something called Ebonics. Issues come and go in media, which itself exists and functions entirely at margin of inner transcendence of those who known rivers or who are elder sons of world. In midfifteenth century when Portuguese-the first to liberate themselves from Islamic African conquest of Iberian Peninsula that began in 711-turning tables, began to make confident and powerful incursions along West African coast, there developed an ad hoc language of communication, a pidgin. This was basis of a protocreole, which itself became source of all New World Creoles, and even of Englishbased Creole that is currently a lingua franca all along self-same West African coast. Mervyn C. Alleyne, a distinguished scholar from Trinidad and Tobago, in his Comparative Afro-American: An Historical-Comparative Study of English Based Afro-American Dialects of New World, connects various vernacular dialects of English that have been labeled as well as all other New World Creoles and their corresponding dialects to this original mid-fifteenthcentury West Coast pidgin. Our essay will show that Marcelino Arozarena's poetic language flows directly from same source. Whereas Ebonics is a peculiarly North American variant, his poetic language is an integral part of peculiarly linguistic expressions that have anchored poetic voices of most of that region's major poets, from Aim* C6saire of Martinique to Derek Walcott of St. Lucia, including Nicolas Guillen himself as well as poets like Panama's Gerardo Maloney and Barbadian, Edward Kamau Brathwaite. Furthermore, we will suggest that roots of these Creoles can be traced all way back to beginnings of literature itself, in Nile Valley. The famed Martinican thinker, Frantz Fanon, has developed most productive theoretical approach to question of colonialism. According to him, the colonial world is an essentially polarized (Manichean) universe, one element being all good, other all bad. This formulation adequately addresses state of things in area of literature in Spanish Caribbean (Smart 1981, 23). What was true for Spanish colonial world was also true for rest of colonized Caribbean-and, indeed for all of Western Hemisphere under sway of European colonial powers. In realm of literature (as in all others) there were two worlds: that of colonized masses-the Africans who had replaced native peoples-and that of European dominant minority. Although class and cultural allegiance were generally a function of race, there were always notable exceptions to this rule. From time to time there would arise black-skinned writers who functioned perfectly well within circles of dominant Europeanized minority, Cubans Gabriel de la Concepcion Valdes and his contemporary, Juan Francisco Manzano, are good examples. For most part, however, black-skinned population was fully engaged in literary life at level of oral literature. This literature, although reduced by circumstance imposed by barbarism of slavery and slave trade to merely oral level, had descended from and was intimately connected to very earliest classical literary expression that flourished in Nile Valley at dawn of human history. As analysis strongly suggests, it is this [oral] literature precisely that will provide material out of which a truly authentic scribal literature can be created (Smart 1981, 25). Authentic scribal literature evolves, then, it is argued, through a: closing of [Manichean] gap between popular Afro-based elements and minority Euro-based ones.... The use of popular Creole languages in a serious fashion in scribal literature was a significant development in creation of a genuine written language. …" @default.
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• W656439 date "1998-04-01" @default.
• W656439 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W656439 title "Arozarena's Poetic Language and the Issue of Ebonics" @default.
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