FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W656581202> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W656581202 endingPage "414" @default.
• W656581202 startingPage "396" @default.
• W656581202 abstract "OF THE UNITED STATES 584-85 (94th ed. 1973). [E]arly-twentieth-century American farming epitomized pure competition model. Note, supra note 10, at 352. 92 See, e.g., REPORT OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL'S NATIONAL COMMITTEE TO STUDY THE ANTITRUST LAws 306 (1955); Levi & Sporleder, Some Recent Interpretatiors of CapperVolstead Act: A Legal-Economic Analysis, 14 IDAHO L. REV. 435, 439 (1978). 93 In 1977, cooperatives had combined sales of over $43,584,000. STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF THE UNITED STATES 704 (101st ed. 1980). Seven cooperatives were listed in Fortune 500 in 1978. Farmer Cooperatives 14 (July 1979). Furthermore, in 1974-1975, cooperatives handled about 27% of agricultural products marketed in United States. FARMER COOPERATION SERVICE, U.S. DEP'T OF AGRICULTURE, STATISTICS OF FARMER COOPERATIVES v (F.C.S. Research Report 39, 1977). Regional cooperatives accounted for between 71% and 100% of sales in following commodities in 1973: sugar (100%), tobacco (100%), nuts (96%), livestock and products (88%), cotton and products (76%), dairy products (75%), rice (74%), poultry products (73%), and beans and peas (71%). FARMER COOPERATION SERVICE, U.S. DEP'T OF AGRICULTURE, COOPERATIVE GROWTH: TRENDS, COMPARISONS, STRATEGY 25 (F.C.S. Information 87, 1973). See generaly Note, supra note 10, at 342-43. 94 See 5 H. TOULMIN, supra note 59, § 6.3, at 345; Note, supra note 10, at 355, 357. 95 1979 REPORT, supra note 2, at 258-60. Between 1950-1951 and 1974-1975, COOPERA TIVE EXEMPTION ling case for monopoly cooperatives has yet to be made, 96 and recommending that antitrust treatment of cooperatives, once they are formed, should parallel that accorded ordinary business corporations. 97 Cooperatives are not so dissimilar from ordinary corporations as to justify special treatment. The primary differences are (1) that cooperatives may be formed with or without capital stock, and (2) that cooperatives generally deal with their members or shareholders, not third parties.98 In other respects, cooperatives are similar to corporations. For example, members or stockholders of a cooperative, like shareholders in a business corporation, ordinarily are not liable for its debts.99 Indeed, cooperatives today typically are organized as corporations.' 00 Courts are not precluded under antitrust laws from treating cooperatives and corporations similarly.' 0 ' The application of Grinnell test for unlawful monopolization, 0 2 which Fairdale Farms court rejected, 0 3 would not burden cooperatives. The Fairdale Farms court was concerned that application of Grinnell test would inhibit growth and operation of cooperatives. 10 4 The Grinnell test, however, apnumber of agricultural cooperatives declined by nearly 25%. FARMER COOPERATION SERVICE, U.S. DEP'T OF AGRICULTURE, STATISTICS OF FARMER COOPERATIVES v (F.C.S. Research Report 39, 1977). 96 1979 REPORT, sufira note 2, at 260. Commentators have criticized exemption as being without economic justification. E.g., 5 H. TOULMIN, supra note 59, § 6.1, at 334 ([E]conomically, there seems to be no sound reason for exemption. . . .'); Noakes, supra note 3, at 407 ('Perhaps one of its most distinctive features is its apparent lack of justification as being directly in public interest.). 97 1979 REPORT, supra note 2, at 253. 98 LEGAL PHASES, supra note 11, at 7, 10. 99 Id. at 8. Cooperatives now obtain borrowed and equity capital from same types of sources as do corporations. See ECONOMICS, STATISTICS, AND COOPERATIVES SERVICE, U.S. DEP'T OF AGRICULTURE, THE CHANGING FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF FARMER COOPERATIvES 67-72, 125-32 (Farmer Cooperative Research Report 17, 1980). 100 See ECONOMICS, STATISTICS, AND COOPERATIVES SERVICE, U.S. DEP'T OF AGRICULTURE, THE CHANGING FINANCIAL STRUCTURE OF FARMER COOPERATIVES 36-40 (Farmer Cooperative Research Report 17, 1980). 101 See 5 H. TOULMIN, supra note 59, § 6.21, at 367 ('[I]t would be relevant in passing upon reasonableness of restraints by cooperative associations and agricultural interests to consider exactly what is their present relative bargaining That is within Courts [5ic] power. (footnote omitted)); notes 91-97 and accompanying text supra. But see Note, supra note 10, at 367-68 (concluding that a legislative solution is necessary). The Fairdale Farms court also apparently thought that congressional action would be necessary. See 635 F.2d at 1045 n.7. Concededly, a drastic restriction of law's protection in response to changed economic status of agricultural cooperatives should come from Congress; however, this does not justify Second Circuit's decision to broaden that protection. 102 See note 61; notes 54-55 and accompanying text supra. 103 See notes 57-62 and accompanying text supra. 104 See 635 F.2d at 1043, 1045. The district court had addressed this concern: [The cooperatives'] fear may be real, but it does not justify affording cooperatives different treatment than corporations under section 2 of Sherman Act. The legislative history of Capper-Volstead Act as well as cases that discuss it repeatedly demonstrate that Congress intended Act to 1982] CORNELL LAW REVIEW [Vol. 67:396 pears to require an intent to obtain a monopoly, 10 5 and monopolization offense preserves the right to normal growth.' 0 6 Thus, cooperatives would be able to seek additional members as long as they do so without an intent to monopolize. At same time, they would not be able to engage in activities that do not reach status of predatory practices for purpose of obtaining monopoly power.,0 7" @default.
• W656581202 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W656581202 creator A5087774838 @default.
• W656581202 date "1982-01-01" @default.
• W656581202 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W656581202 title "Agricultural Cooperative Antitrust Exemption-Fairdale Farms Inc. v. Yankee Milk Inc." @default.
• W656581202 hasPublicationYear "1982" @default.
• W656581202 type Work @default.
• W656581202 sameAs 656581202 @default.
• W656581202 citedByCount "0" @default.
• W656581202 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W656581202 hasAuthorship W656581202A5087774838 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C112964050 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C118518473 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C144133560 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C162324750 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C162853370 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C166957645 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C17744445 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C18903297 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C199539241 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C205649164 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C2780378061 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C2781127519 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C34447519 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C37621935 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C39432304 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C48824518 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C86803240 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C91306197 @default.
• W656581202 hasConcept C97137747 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C112964050 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C118518473 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C144133560 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C162324750 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C162853370 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C166957645 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C17744445 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C18903297 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C199539241 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C205649164 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C2780378061 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C2781127519 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C34447519 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C37621935 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C39432304 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C48824518 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C86803240 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C91306197 @default.
• W656581202 hasConceptScore W656581202C97137747 @default.
• W656581202 hasIssue "2" @default.
• W656581202 hasLocation W6565812021 @default.
• W656581202 hasOpenAccess W656581202 @default.
• W656581202 hasPrimaryLocation W6565812021 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W1497245429 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W1519010585 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W1604982080 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W2009899903 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W2278687406 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W2361006028 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W249214626 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W2913928614 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W2992314280 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W3004035075 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W3030060955 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W3121856044 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W3124087132 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W36102542 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W799622891 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W803226501 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W93032829 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W133152716 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W3121225008 @default.
• W656581202 hasRelatedWork W49223231 @default.
• W656581202 hasVolume "67" @default.
• W656581202 isParatext "false" @default.
• W656581202 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W656581202 magId "656581202" @default.
• W656581202 workType "article" @default.