FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W67504859> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W67504859 abstract "Strategies in Analogous Planning Cases Andrew S. Gordon (asgordon@us.ibm.com) IBM TJ Watson Research Center, 30 Saw Mill River Road Hawthorne, NY 10532 USA Abstract Strategies are abstract patterns of planning behavior that are easily recognized, compared, and used by people in everyday planning situations. In an effort to better understand them as a type of mental knowledge structure, three hundred and seventy-two strategies were identified from ten different planning domains, and each was represented in a preformal manner intended to describe the common characteristics of their instances. In doing this large-scale representation work, two observations were made with significance to current theories of analogical reasoning. First, strategies are portions of the relational structure shared by analogous planning cases. Second, representations of strategies include propositions about the reasoning processes of the agent employing them. We propose that a theoretical understanding of analogical reasoning allows us to use strategies as an investigative lens to view the mental models that people have of others and of themselves. Introduction: Strategy Representations The term strategy periodically appears in cognitive science literature to refer to the abstract patterns that can be recognized in planning behavior. People appear to have a near-effortless ability to use and reason about strategies despite their complexities - as when considering the case of a corporation that underprices part of its product line to bankrupt their competitors, or a case where a parent bird pretends to be wounded to lure a predator away from a place where their nest would be discovered. From the cognitivist’s perspective, strategies can be viewed as knowledge schemas, with the assumption that these schemas are mental representations that can be manipulated, compared, and used in intelligent planning and problem-solving behavior. In order to understand this view more deeply, we undertook a project to systematically analyze and represent strategies on a large scale. We began this project by identifying three hundred and seventy-two strategies from ten diverse domains of planning and problem-solving. Three competitive planning domains were examined: business, warfare, and dictatorship. Three cooperative planning domains were examined: scientific research, education, and personal relationships. Two individual performance domains were included: artistic performance and object counting. Finally, two anthropomorphic domains, where non-people are viewed as planners, were studied: immunology and animal behavior. Strategies for each of these domains were collected using a variety of methods, which included formal interviews with subject-matter experts, introspection, and the analysis of texts such as Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince and Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, which are nearly encyclopedic of strategies in the domains of dictatorship and warfare, respectively. For each of these strategies, we authored a definition in the form of a representation such that all situations that match the definition would be positive examples of the strategy, and all cases that do not match the definition would not be examples of the strategy. Recognizing that the same strategy could be applicable in a wide variety of situations - even those that cross domain boundaries - our efforts focused on strategy representations that were of the highest possible level of abstraction while still meeting these definition requirements. While some descriptive and functional planning languages are beginning to emerge in the artificial intelligence planning community (Tate, 1998; Gil & Blythe, 2000; McDermott, 2000), we chose not to attempt to use them for this representation work, following the belief that these current efforts are not yet expressive enough to describe the subtle planning features found in strategies. Instead, we adopted a style that can be best viewed as preformal, somewhat similar to the strategy representations found in smaller-scale efforts (Collins, 1986; Jones, 1992), and where the content of these representations was loosely drawn from a wide range of content theories of planning, notably from Owens (1990). The motivation for using this preformal style was to enable the scaling-up of representation work by relaxing the syntactic formality of logic while preserving the unambiguity of representational terms. Figure 1 gives three examples of the 372 preformal representations that were authored. Words and phrases in the representations meant to refer to planning concepts and abstractions were capitalized and italicized as they were authored, which allowed us to algorithmically extract them so that they could be analyzed outside of the context of specific" @default.
• W67504859 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W67504859 creator A5070125884 @default.
• W67504859 date "2001-01-01" @default.
• W67504859 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W67504859 title "Strategies in Analogous Planning Cases" @default.
• W67504859 cites W1486477330 @default.
• W67504859 cites W152390140 @default.
• W67504859 cites W1933290591 @default.
• W67504859 cites W1994335990 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2026161499 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2033938382 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2053190303 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2067883176 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2098796157 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2101901809 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2130766754 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2145454741 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2156159857 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2178394434 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2431139695 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2526582379 @default.
• W67504859 cites W2611719043 @default.
• W67504859 cites W36488742 @default.
• W67504859 cites W60855113 @default.
• W67504859 hasPublicationYear "2001" @default.
• W67504859 type Work @default.
• W67504859 sameAs 67504859 @default.
• W67504859 citedByCount "4" @default.
• W67504859 countsByYear W675048592019 @default.
• W67504859 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W67504859 hasAuthorship W67504859A5070125884 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C127576917 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C144024400 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C154945302 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C15744967 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C162324750 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C169760540 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C169900460 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C171250308 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C17744445 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C187736073 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C188147891 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C192562407 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C199539241 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C2776359362 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C2776608531 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C41008148 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C70388272 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C94625758 @default.
• W67504859 hasConcept C96199812 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C127576917 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C144024400 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C154945302 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C15744967 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C162324750 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C169760540 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C169900460 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C171250308 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C17744445 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C187736073 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C188147891 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C192562407 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C199539241 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C2776359362 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C2776608531 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C41008148 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C70388272 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C94625758 @default.
• W67504859 hasConceptScore W67504859C96199812 @default.
• W67504859 hasIssue "23" @default.
• W67504859 hasLocation W675048591 @default.
• W67504859 hasOpenAccess W67504859 @default.
• W67504859 hasPrimaryLocation W675048591 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W1031531972 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W1528945539 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W1557582587 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W1646539274 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W1740401144 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2037089598 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2047830971 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2170824913 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2186359226 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2213764731 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2240117140 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2408093846 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2496679890 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2561707381 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2588243137 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W3195221386 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W414837624 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W621303104 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2582480258 @default.
• W67504859 hasRelatedWork W2784667584 @default.
• W67504859 hasVolume "23" @default.
• W67504859 isParatext "false" @default.
• W67504859 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W67504859 magId "67504859" @default.
• W67504859 workType "article" @default.