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- W67584611 abstract "Biological systems frequently respond to perturbations by changing their properties, thus making identification of these properties complicated. Three large groups of methods focus on mechanical, electrical, and metabolic variables. Movement kinematics is studied using goniometers, accelerometers, devices that measure velocities, and motion analysis systems. Direct measurement of contact forces with the environment is done using force sensors including force platforms. Measurement of forces between body parts, including muscle forces and joint torques, requires invasive techniques. Such variables are computed based on measured kinematic variables; these computations frequently use parameters that are estimated with large errors. Intramuscular electromyography (EMG) is used to study patterns of action potential generation by individual motor units and activation patterns of small/deep muscles. Surface EMG is used to study activation patterns of muscles close to the surface of the body. EMG signals are commonly rectified, filtered, integrated, and normalized. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method of non-invasive recording of the combined activity of large groups of brain neurons. This method has excellent temporal resolution and poor spatial resolution. EEG waves are classified according to their frequency. Evoked potentials are EEG signals time-locked to a sensory or motor event; they are studied by averaging many trials. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is another method to study electrical brain activity. It has higher spatial resolution and other advantages as compared to EEG. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method of non-invasive stimulation of large groups of brain neurons. It is used to study both corticospinal projections and intra- and inter-hemispheric neuronal projections. The method is frequently used to study plastic changes within the brain. Brain imaging includes methods based on X-rays (including computer tomography), injection of radioactive contrast into bloodstream (angiography), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The last two methods have high spatial and poor temporal resolution. Functional MRI compares brain states before and after performing a motor or cognitive task. It produces indirect information on task-relevant brain processes." @default.
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- W67584611 date "2012-01-01" @default.
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- W67584611 title "Methods in motor control studies" @default.
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- W67584611 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-415956-3.00013-0" @default.
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