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• W68222018 abstract "Rock bolting has advanced rapidly during the past four decades due to a better understanding of load transfer mechanisms and advances made in the bolt system technology. Bolts are used as permanent and temporary support systems in tunnelling and mining operations. A review of reinforcement devices has indicated that three classes have evolved as part of rockbolt and ground anchor while the rock is not generally thought of as being a component of the reinforcement system. A classification of rockbolting reinforcement systems is presented, followed by the fundamental theory of the load transfer mechanism. Finally, various failure modes of rockbolting systems are discussed. CLASSIFICATION OF REINFORCEMENT Rock bolting has advanced rapidly during the past four decades due to a better understanding of load transfer mechanisms and advances made in the bolt system technology. Bolts are used as permanent and temporary support systems in tunnelling and mining operations. In surface mining they are used to stabilise slopes and in underground workings they are used for roadway development, shaft sinking, and stoping operations. Rock bolts are installed around openings in mines and tunnels to tie weaker layers to stronger layers above, to prevent sagging and separation and to provide a reinforcement zone in rock mass that makes greater use of a rocks inherent mass strength to enable it to be self supportive. A reinforcement scheme is an arrangement of primary, secondary and tertiary reinforcement systems in a variety of dimensional and spatial configurations. Some of these may have been installed as preor post-reinforcement, and may be un-tensioned, pre-tensioned or post-tensioned. A review of reinforcement devices has indicated that three classes of device have evolved: rockbolt (generally less than 3 m), cable bolt (generally in the range from 3 to 15 m) and ground anchor (generally longer than 10 m). All of them comprise four principal components as shown in Figure 1, Windsor (1997): Figure 1 Four principal components of a reinforcement system, after Windsor (1997) Whilst, the rock is not generally thought of as being a component of the reinforcement system, it has a marked influence on the behaviour of the system and must therefore eventually be considered an integral part of the system. For reinforcement with a bolt, the reinforcing element refers to the bolt and the external fixture refers to the face plate and nut. The internal fixture is either a medium, such as cement mortar or resin for grouted bolts, or a mechanical action like friction at the bolt interface for frictionally coupled bolts. The internal fixture provides a coupling condition at the interface. With reference to the component of internal fixture, the reinforcement system has been catalogued into three fundamental types, Windsor and Thompson (1993):  Continuous Mechanically Coupled (CMC) systems;  Continuous Frictionally Coupled (CFC) systems; and  Discreetly Mechanical or Frictionally Coupled (DMFC) system. 1 School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia, Email: jnemcik@uow.edu.au, Mob: 0408 711 28" @default.
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• W68222018 date "2012-01-01" @default.
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• W68222018 title "Failure modes of rockbolting" @default.
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