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• W68315796 abstract "This study compared practicing counselors who are licensed and not licensed on four aspects of empowerment: Collective identity, propensity to act, self-concept, and overall empowerment. A MANOVA revealed that nonlicensed counselors scored significantly higher on collective identity, propensity to act, and overall empowerment. ********** The best evidence for how far mental health provider professions have developed is found in the progress made in credentialing (Kottler & Brown, 2000). Legislative efforts have had a tremendous impact on counselor credibility and identity (Altekruse, 1990; Davis & Witmer, 1990; Geisler, 1995). The most inclusive, legislatively established basis of credentialing is licensure (Sweeney, 1995). State licensure is an important factor in gaining public recognition that counseling is a distinct profession that can be distinguished from allied professional groups (Remley, 1995). Another benefit of counselor regulation is enhanced professional power (Alberding & Lauver, 1993). Stephen Lukes and Michel Foucault, two principle theorists in the study of power, stress that power is both infinite and positive (Ryles, 1999). Power is defined as the to the forces which affect one's life space for one's own benefit, and powerlessness is the incapacity to exert such influence (Pinderhughes, 1983, p. 332). Staples (1990) reports that power is the ability to act or to prevent action, and to empower is to make or cause power. Empowerment has been described as the attainment of identity goals and as an experience of consciousness. Psychological empowerment includes the self-perception that one has the capacity to his or her environment (Frans, 1989). Individual empowerment occurs through the process of personal development that involves the growth of skills, abilities, and a more positive self-definition (Staples, 1990). Obtaining and maintaining a professional license is an example of gaining skills, abilities, and a more positive self-definition in the counseling profession (through the completion of the master's degree, written examination, post-master's supervision, and continuing education requirements). There are similarities between definitions of empowerment and descriptions of personal characteristics of effective mental health professionals. Definitions of empowerment include being intrinsically motivated (Spreitzer, 1995) and having an internal locus of control (Blinde & Taub, 1999). Personal characteristics of effective professionals include perceiving from an internal rather than an external frame of reference and perceiving others as being capable and internally motivated (Kottler & Brown, 2000). The effectiveness of a counselor is not as dependent on school, training or theory as it is on the personal characteristics of the individual (Hanna & Bemak, 1997). Because mental health professionals strive to empower others (Bentley, 2000; Wolf, Parkman, & Gawith, 2000), it is important for these individuals to be empowered themselves (Corey, 2000). As Corey notes,it is not possible to give to others what you do not possess (p. 29). In a related discussion, Frans (1989, 1993) states that it is a paradoxical fact that social workers endeavor to empower others but have historically reflected perceptions of powerlessness as professionals. Allied fields that work with similar human problems may experience the same types of conflict and doubt that appear to have been pervasive throughout the development of the social work profession (Frans, 1989). For instance, Brooks and Gerstein (1990) report that mental health counselors have suffered from status inferiority when compared to social workers and psychologists. In one study, the researchers (Parr, Bradley, Lan, & Gould, 1996) identify empowerment as an important dimension of counselor career satisfaction, and suggest that exploring ways to enhance empowerment in the work setting would be meaningful. …" @default.
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• W68315796 date "2002-07-01" @default.
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• W68315796 title "The Relationship between Counselor Licensure and Aspects of Empowerment. (Research)" @default.
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