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- W69929490 abstract "The resurrection of the Polish state in November 1918 inaugurated a new chapter in Polish history. For the first time since the eighteenth century the galaxy of European states included a totally free and independent Poland. As gratifying as this was to Poles and their supporters, the new state's future was far from secured. From virtually its inception, Poland faced a host of serious problems; political, diplomatic, military, administrative, social, economic, and fiscal difficulties threatened the country's stability. Not the least of these problems was the desperate material circumstances affecting millions of Poles. The First World War had been particularly ruinous for Polish lands. During the course of the war, when much of Poland?especially the eastern marches? had served as a battlefield, more than half a million Poles had been killed in combat while an additional million had been wounded. Several hundred thou sand had died of hunger and disease, and an estimated 700,000 had fled into Russia to avoid the advancing German army. By war's end agricultural produc tion was less than one-half what it had been in 1913. Livestock losses were set at 40 to 50 percent of prewar levels. Several million acres of forest land had been leveled. The rail network, scanty and unconnected to begin with, lay in ruin with about 50 percent of the rolling stock, bridges, and stations de stroyed. Approximately 85 percent of the nation's industrial workers were unemployed, and in many cases factories had simply disappeared as retreating armies stripped them bare. Official Polish estimates of war related damages totalled 10 billion dollars.1" @default.
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- W69929490 date "2016-01-01" @default.
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- W69929490 title "TO SERVE THE CAUSE OF POLAND: THE POLISH GREY SAMARITANS, 1919–1922" @default.
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