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• W69974495 abstract "Voice of the Dispossessed Many skyscrapers and pyramids have been built by our labor and sweat as well as many bars and nightclubs. While we suffer of starvation the wealthy and the powerful organize sumptuous festivities workers and the toilers are the builders of the world For ten days after their death there is no one to prepare a coffin while if a dictator falls into fatigue after a brief fete Ten debutantes are sent to nurse him in his bed. Author, Seattle, Washington, 1998 There has been renewed interest in study of the failed development strategies in Eastern European countries, prompted by the collapse of the Soviet empire and the failure of its development policies to surpass the level of economic prosperity achieved by the West. Scholars advocating the concept of a free market economy maintain that the socialist economic system and its corresponding ideology and politics are too rigid to function effectively in the changing world today. They support a free market system as the only viable economic institution capable of resuscitating and overhauling Russian and East European economies. They viewed the bureaucratic state-capitalism in the former Soviet Union and its bloc as a socialist economy, and with its failure immediately proclaimed The End of History(1) and celebrated the advent of the free market economy. Developmentalists in the socialist school of thought regarded endogenous forces as the prime factor in socioeconomic transformation, which relied heavily on internal sources of support for development and change, and regarded outside factors as a secondary element in the development process. These scholars grossly underestimated the prowess of international capital in integrating peripheral and semi-peripheral social formations into the fabric of the capitalist world economy. Furthermore, they were reluctant to admit the penetrating influence of the capitalist world system on the economies of the Soviet Union and its bloc countries or acknowledge how international capital began to resurrect capitalist relations of production in the so-called socialist economies in the late 1950s. Such a trend of development gradually but inevitably transformed socialism into bureaucratic state capitalism, and patterned the socioeconomic strategies of its East European bloc after its model of development. Despite growing state capitalism socialist developmentalists continued to tout such a system as socialism. State capitalism in the Soviet Union and its led-bloc countries has since failed to achieve parity with Western economies. This situation necessitated profound changes in the entire structure of state-capitalism and its corresponding rigid social and political structures. Mikhail Gorbachev not only initiated perestroika and glasnost in order to restructure the command economy but also supported such a reform in Soviet-led bloc countries, which eventually led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and inspired political and economic changes in its bloc. This article attempts to study how Albanians built socialism in their economically backward country and shielded the country's economy from the influence of the capitalist world economy during Enver Hoxha's leadership (1941-1985). essay further explores the impact of changes in the Soviet Union and its bloc as an impetus for the Albanians to fight for a Western-style political and economic system. STATE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES Prior to the outbreak of the Second World War Albania was one of the most backward countries in Europe. During the reign of King Ahmed Zog in 1924-1933 it is estimated that eighty percent of Albanians were peasants and farmers engaged in agricultural activities. Political power remained an exclusive monopoly of the ruling feudal nobility and elites associated with them. King Zog was deposed when Italian occupation forces invaded the country in 1939. …" @default.
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• W69974495 date "2000-09-22" @default.
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• W69974495 title "The New World Order and Albania's Convoluted Route to Transition in the Free Market Economy" @default.
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