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• W7105225 abstract "This paper will examine a few important aspects of resurgent Hungarian nationalism before and after collapse of communism in Central Europe. It will concentrate on attempts to join Hungarian national cause with individual rights, parliamentary democratic government, and a free economy. Liberal nationalism has been selected as topic because prior to 1990 it had provided both intellectual arsenal and emotional commitment to struggle against communism and foreign domination. It also vitally influenced politics, foreign affairs and intellectual life in post-communist Hungary. Contrary to widespread contemporary assumptions by media, this writer does not believe that nationalism is an exclusively negative phenomenon, already outgrown by advanced Western nations and present only in formerly communist countries or in developing Third World. Admittedly, after concentration camps of racial extermination and various forms of recent ethnic cleansing, emphasis on evil consequences of nationalist extremism seems justified. But we should remember that, depending on historical circumstances, nationalism can also be liberal, progressive and democratic and contribute to self-realization of peoples. It can even sustain captive nations, as it did French during Second World War, or Central Europeans under Soviet domination and prepare them for liberation and reconstruction. Although nationalism defies a brief all-inclusive definition, for purposes of this article it will be considered primarily a state of mind, a sentiment, which unites a group of people with a common history, cultural traditions, institutions and language. Group loyalty, solidarity with co-nationals under foreign rule, devotion to and its independence, desire for its prestige and possible expansion and potential hostility toward foreigners are also seen as important characteristics.(1) Patriotism will not be used as a separate category because it is often indistinguishable from nationalism and emanates from same emotional context and mind set. Moderate and defensive forms of nationalism which protect rather than invade individual and group rights, will be considered positive manifestations of nationalist world view and philosophy. The idea of Hungarian nation is aristocratic in origin. Medieval chroniclers considered king and nation, or defined it as the totality of nobles whose ancestors were related to Huns and came from Scythia.(2) Equating nation with was further elaborated by a 16th century jurist, Istvan Werboczy, who claimed that nobles, descendants of ninth century conquerors of country, transferred their power to Crown by electing St. Stephen (100-1038) as their king.(3) Through centuries, Crown of St. Stephen gradually evolved into a revered national symbol and emblem of state sovereignty. Beginning with 1820's, concept of limiting nation to was successfully challenged by Hungarian writers, poets and essayists strongly influenced by ideas of Enlightenment and Great French Revolution.(4) Liberal reformers wanted to extend held by to people, abolish serfdom and change Hungary into a modern parliamentary state. Typical of this generation was celebrated poet and author of Hungarian national anthem, Ferenc Kolcsey (1790-1838) who was elected in 1832 to national legislature on a platform of country and progress.(5) At Diet he argued most effectively that liberty and property should bind all members of society to fatherland, a slogan that again seemed relevant in late 1980's.(6) Other less prominent authors urged Hungary to follow example of United States, endorsed women's and took a strong pro-Semitic stand. Peter Vajda, for example, wrote that Jews as a people have always had a stamp of nobility and declared their rights sacred before reason. …" @default.
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• W7105225 date "1998-03-22" @default.
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• W7105225 title "Liberal Nationalism in Hungary, 1988-1990" @default.
• W7105225 hasPublicationYear "1998" @default.
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