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• W71500519 abstract "The Pharisees are often described in severe and disparaging terms in the Second Testament. The evangelist Mark labeled the Pharisees hypocrites (Mk. 7:6), applying to them verse from Isaiah, pointing to the double standards of those who pretend to adhere to piety but whose hearts are far from God. In Matthew, they are condemned in no uncertain terms: You brood of vipers! How can you speak good things, when you are evil? (Mt. 12:34a), (1) and [W]oe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! (Mt. 23:13). This strong denunciation is reiterated seven times in this tirade against the Pharisees. (2) The evangelist Luke, however, is ambivalent with respect to the Pharisees. In his Gospel, (3) he restates some of the curses found in the Gospel of Matthew, but in Acts, which is usually attributed to him (or to certain Theophilus), we witness completely different attitude. Luke describes certain Pharisee with great reverence and admiration. His name is Gamaliel, and he is a of the law, respected by all the people. He is the providential man who intervened on behalf of the apostles Peter and John--and possibly others--when they were put on trial by the council. In most remarkable way, Gamaliel succeeded in swaying the members of the council to dismiss the case against the apostles. The author of Acts gives us vivid description of the proceedings and even quotes the theological argument invoked by Gamaliel in his defense of the apostles: When they heard this, they [the council members] were enraged and wanted to kill them [the apostles.] But Pharisee in the council named Gamaliel, of the law, respected by all the people, stood up and ordered the men to be put outside for short time. Then he said to them, Fellow Israelites, consider carefully what you propose to do to these men. For some time ago, Theudas rose up claiming to be somebody, and number of men, about four hundred, joined him; but he was killed, and all who followed him were dispersed and disappeared. After him Judas the Galilean rose up at the time of the census and got people to follow him; he also perished, and all who followed him were scattered. So in the present case, tell you, keep away from these men and let them alone; because if this plan or this undertaking is of human origin, it will fail; but if it is of God, you will not be able to overthrow them--in that case you may even be found fighting against God! They were convinced by him. (Acts 5:33-39) This text is most intriguing and begs the question: Who was this Pharisee teacher of the law, respected by all the people? Do we know anything about him from other sources outside of Acts? Indeed, we learn great deal about him from the main compilation of Pharisaic teachings, the Mishnah, which had been in the making for 200 years until it was edited by Yehudah ha-Nasi (Judah the Prince) some time before the end of the second century. The Mishnah and later the Gemarah inform us that the sage Gamaliel served as the nasi (president) of the Sanhedrin from 20 to circa 50 C.E. He was the grandson of the sage Hillel and the most eminent tannaitic of his generation. (4) The Mishnah tells us that he was given the title (our rabbi in Aramaic), title of endearment and reverence that had not been used previously. The title rabbi was not yet used in Judea, as it was introduced only near the end of the first century. (5) One of the maxims of Gamaliel is included in the first chapter of the tractate Abot of the Mishnah: Rabban Gamliel says: Set up master [rav] for yourself, avoid doubt. Don't tithe by too much guesswork. (6) The last Mishnah of the tractate Yevamot informs us that Gamaliel had introduced several important changes in Jewish law. In the case of the Agunah, that is, woman whose husband has disappeared or who refuses to grant her bill of divorce, he had decreed that the testimony of single witness to the death (of the husband) would be sufficient to allow the widow to remarry, whereas the Torah stipulates that two witnesses are required in such situation: I have tradition from Gamaliel the Elder that: 'They permit wife to remarry on the testimony of single witness [to her husband's death]. …" @default.
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• W71500519 date "2012-06-22" @default.
• W71500519 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W71500519 title "Were All the Pharisees Hypocrites?" @default.
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