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• W7264969 abstract "Vol. 118, No. 11 NewsOpen AccessSMOKING AND SECONDHAND SMOKE: Study Finds No Level of SHS Exposure Free of Effects Carol Potera Carol Potera Search for more papers by this author Published:1 November 2010https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.118-a474aCited by:7AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit How much exposure to tobacco smoke can the lungs endure before damage ensues? The answer appears to be none, based on gene activity measured by researchers at Cornell University.1 “No level of smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke [SHS] is safe. Even at the lowest detectable levels of exposure, we could detect changes in gene expression within the cells lining the airways,” says coauthor Ronald Crystal, head of pulmonary and critical care medicine at New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center.Crystal and coworkers at Cornell analyzed gene activity in small airway epithelial cells collected from 121 healthy volunteers. The type of cells tested are where early damage first occurs that leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchogenic cancer, according to Crystal.The volunteers, all of whom had normal lung function, were categorized by tobacco smoke exposure status as determined by their urine levels of nicotine and cotinine. Nonsmokers had nondetectable urine nicotine or cotinine levels, low-exposure individuals had urine nicotine and/or cotinine levels up to 1,000 ng/mL, and active smokers had urine nicotine and/or cotinine levels greater than 1,000 ng/mL. The low-exposure group included occasional smokers and people exposed to SHS.The researchers first compared the smokers and nonsmokers. Microarrays detected significant changes between these two groups in the activity of 372 genes. Among the low-exposure group, about a third of these 372 genes were up- or downregulated compared with nonsmokers, and 11% of the genes differed compared with active smokers.1Even subjects with the lowest levels of nicotine and cotinine had enhanced activity of biological pathways involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 and arachidonic acid. The same two pathways also were highly activated in smokers, suggesting exposure to low levels of SHS caused changes in the airways similar to those from active smoking, representing the earliest biologic abnormalities that can lead to disease.1 The authors believe this may be the first study to document biological changes in the lung cells of people exposed to low levels of tobacco smoke.The results support epidemiologic studies that link early respiratory damage to low levels of SHS exposure or occasional smoking.2,3 However, the tobacco smoke–induced gene changes “do not tell us which ones [genes] are dangerous and which are protective,” Crystal notes.Moreover, the cross-sectional nature of the study precluded determining whether the genetic changes predicted disease. Followup studies lasting 20 years or more are needed to sort out the genes that play a role in the development of lung diseases, and Crystal plans to follow some of the people in this study.People often wonder what level of exposure to SHS is harmful—is it a problem, for instance, to hang out with smoking friends once or twice a week? Crystal’s study “employs sophisticated molecular genetic techniques to address this very important public health question of whether a threshold exists,” says Norman Edelman, a professor of preventive medicine at Stony Brook University Medical Center and chief medical officer at the American Lung Association. The finding that no level of tobacco smoke exposure appeared safe “is important for informing both individual behavior and public health policy,” Edelman says.REFERENCES1 Strulovici-Barel Yet al.Am J Respir Crit Care Meddoi:10.1164/rccm.201002-0294OC. Crossref, Google Scholar2 Chan-Yeung M, Dimich-Ward HRespirology 8(2):131-1392003.doi:10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00453.x12753526. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar3 Jaakkola MS, Jaakkola JJScand J Work Environ Health 28(suppl 2):52-702002. PMID: 1205880312058803. Medline, Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited by Keogan S, Alonso T, Sunday S, Hanafin J, Tigova O, Fernandez E, Lopez M, Gallus S, Semple S, Tzortzi A, Boffi R, Gorini G, Lopez-Nicolas A, Arvind D, Radu-Loghin C, Soriano J and Clancy L (2023) Particle Exposure Hazards of Visiting Outdoor Smoking Areas for Patients with Asthma or COPD Even in EU Countries with Comprehensive Smokefree Laws, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10.3390/ijerph20115978, 20:11, (5978) Wu Y, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Wang M, Wang S, Wang J, Wu J, Wu T, Chang C and Hu Y (2022) Trends in Hospital Admissions for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases After Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policies in Beijing, China, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10.1093/ntr/ntac137, 24:12, (1978-1984), Online publication date: 12-Nov-2022. Amalia B, Liu X, Lugo A, Fu M, Odone A, van den Brandt P, Semple S, Clancy L, Soriano J, Fernández E and Gallus S (2020) Exposure to secondhand aerosol of electronic cigarettes in indoor settings in 12 European countries: data from the TackSHS survey, Tobacco Control, 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055376, (tobaccocontrol-2019-055376) Gambino J, Moss A, Lowary M, Kerby G, Winickoff J, Klein J, Hovell M and Wilson K (2020) Tobacco smoke exposure reduction strategies - do they work?, Academic Pediatrics, 10.1016/j.acap.2020.02.022, Online publication date: 1-Feb-2020. Azagba S, Latham K and Shan L (2019) Exposure to secondhand smoke in vehicles among Canadian adolescents: Years after the adoption of smoke-free car laws, Addictive Behaviors Reports, 10.1016/j.abrep.2019.100215, 10, (100215), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2019. Pacheco C, Wellever A, Nazir N, Pacheco J, Berryhil K, Faseru B, Barnes C, Daley C and Choi W (2018) Clearing the air: American Indian tribal college students' exposure to second hand smoke & attitudes towards smoke free campus policies, Journal of American College Health, 10.1080/07448481.2017.1399893, 66:2, (133-140), Online publication date: 17-Feb-2018. Tran T, Yiengprugsawan V, Chinwong D, Seubsman S and Sleigh A (2015) Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and health disparities: 8-year longitudinal findings from a large cohort of Thai adults, BMC Public Health, 10.1186/s12889-015-2547-y, 15:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2015. Vol. 118, No. 11 November 2010Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Originally published1 November 2010Published in print1 November 2010 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days." @default.
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