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• W73424739 abstract "Looting Spiro Mounds: An American King Tut's Tomb By David La Vere Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. ix + 255 pp. Photographs, maps, notes, bibliography, and index. $24.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-8061-3813-8.Relic collectors, pothunters, grave robbers, or more charitably, amateur archaeologists, are all terms used to describe a group of people in America with an active interest in the prehistoric past, but who are often untrained in methods of archaeological excavation and data collection. As a graduate student in anthropology 35 years ago, I was taught to distrust them, but at the same time use them when necessary for their deep knowledge of archaeological site locations and artifacts. The field of archaeology has had this schizophrenic relationship with hobbyists for generations, despite the fact that more than a few professionals began their lifelong interest in prehistory by collecting arrowheads. In addition, many amateurs, or avocational archaeologists, have considerable training in field techniques and other methods, and have provided valuable service to the discipline of archaeology.David La Vere examines one case study in detail, Spiro Mounds in eastern Oklahoma, a site that has acted as a cautionary tale and lightning rod in archaeological circles for decades. The story as I originally heard it was that the mounds were systematically decimated, the unique contents sold to collectors and dealers, and the site virtually destroyed as a data source for archaeologists by unscrupulous fools. Actually, the story is much more complex and nuanced than that, with many different perspectives and motivations among both the pothunters and the professionals, with the two occasionally being interchangeable from the perspective of the present. In fact, the site was not completely destroyed, and much has been learned since the 1930's about Spiro's origins, design, and decline. Political power, economic deprivation, racism, ego, and many other factors intertwined through the history of the Spiro Mounds controversySpiro, named after a nearby town, is the designation for a cluster of mounds and central plaza along the Arkansas River that rose to political and economic prominence during the period 1000-1450 C.E. It became one of the most important chiefdoms and ceremonial centers associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, a unique religious/ceremonial/iconographic manifestation that spread throughout the eastern portion of the continent from Florida to Wisconsin. The leaders of Spiro were involved in a far-flung trading system that connected the Great Lakes, Gulf Coast, Great Plains, and Southwest, and gathered exotic goods for elaborate burials of chiefs and other prominent individuals.Burned houses often formed the base of the mounds, upon which earth was deposited, followed by subsequent burials and more deposition. Eventually the mounds were used as substructures for temple houses, some reaching considerable heights. The relative location of the mounds aligns with the winter and summer solstice, and the site is laid out to resemble the constellation Pleiades. The town, designed for astronomical calculations and holding major religious and political ceremonies, was supported by a surrounding community of hundreds of smaller villages and households. It did not rival Cahokia in size, but likely did so in power, and came to eclipse the larger town on the Mississippi in the thirteenth century, adopting its symbols and acquiring many of the thousands of goods housed or manufactured there. These items, used in large part as grave goods, are the treasures of the site, and include stone pipes, copper breastplates and ear spools, pearls, beads, engraved conch shells, and numerous other exotic artifacts. By 1400, Spiro too, was in decline, its population dispersed.La Vere steers us through the morass of Spiro's twentieth century fate as well as what we know of the prehistory of the site and region with a novel approach. …" @default.
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