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• W73643548 abstract "Energy production and utilization in China have undergone enormous changes throughout the 20th century. One of the poorest nations in the world during the 1930s, with electrical output that was miniscule in comparison to neighboring countries such as Japan, China has experienced tremendous growth in its energy sector since the 1949 Communist takeover. This growth quickly accelerated with the introduction of market reforms in 1978, and as a result, China is now the world's fourth largest producer and consumer of electrical power.(1) This energy has not only fueled domestic economic growth rates of 8 to 10 percent during the 1980s and early 1990s, but it has also turned the People's Republic of China (PRC) into a major indigenous producer of energy equipment and an important buyer on the international market. One of the most energy-intensive economies in the world, China consumed 37 quadrillion British thermal units (Btus) of energy in 1996, two-thirds by its industrial sector. Of total energy production in the same year, 70 percent came from coal-fired thermal plants that burned 1.4 billion tons of coal.(2) Consequently, China has attracted the interest of such notable energy multinationals as the American corporations Bechtel and Westinghouse and Switzerland's Asea Brown Boveri (ABB), and has received huge financial support for various energy projects from the World Bank and the U.S. Export-Import Bank.(3) Unfortunately, its heavy reliance on coal as a source of energy has made China a major contributor to carbon emissions. In 1996 total emissions were 805 million tons, or 13 percent of the world's total, second only to the United States in gross terms.(4) Encouraging China to sign on to major international agreements to control air and other forms of pollution has been, not surprisingly, a major goal of participants at international conferences, such as the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. China's energy use has also been a focus of interest by the Clinton Administration in the United States, by the increasingly active environmental bureaucracy in the Chinese government and by a surprisingly vigorous environmental movement in China led by newly-formed nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).(5) Yet despite the fact that five of the top 10 most polluted urban areas in the world are located in China--including Chongqing in the province of Sichuan--the Chinese government has put great emphasis, beginning in the early 1980s, on expanding electrical power generation by as much as 9 percent annually, with much of it coming from increased production and burning of coal.(6) As the Asian economic crisis in the late 19908 brought a slowdown in China's rate of economic growth, the country's insatiable demand for electricity seemed to ebb as some regions of the country experienced an excess supply, while the nation as a whole focused increasingly on environmental protection and energy conservation measures.(7) Policy conflicts over such issues as coal versus other forms of energy production--especially hydropower--received increased domestic and international attention, along with continuing debates over whether China should rely on such mammoth energy projects as the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River to power the economy into the 21st century This paper will examine this debate, and situate it within a larger historical perspective that evaluates the twists and turns in Chinese energy policy from 1949 to the present. Particular attention will be paid to the viability and practicality of the Three Gorges Dam. THE THREE GORGES DAM The Yangtze River is the third longest in the world, measuring approximately 6,390 kilometers from its headwaters at the Gelandandong Glacier in Tibet to its mouth near Shanghai on China's eastern seaboard. Known in China as simply the long river (Changjiang), the Yangtze is also considered the country's golden waterway, providing cheap, if sometimes dangerous, passage for cargo and passenger ships that have plied its waters for more than 2,000 years. …" @default.
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• W73643548 date "1999-09-22" @default.
• W73643548 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W73643548 title "The Three Gorges Dam and China's Energy Dilemma" @default.
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