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• W74009574 abstract "According to survey after survey, crime ranks as one of the most serious problems in working-class communities. In 1948.only 4 percent of the population felt that crime was their community's worst problem. By 1972, according to a Gallup Poll, 21 percent of the residents of metropolitan centers reported crime as their major concern. (1) People not only think that they are threatened by crime, they are also taking action to defend themselves. Several years ago, Chicago citizens formed the South Shore Emergency Patrol, composed of some two hundred black and white residents, to patrol the streets at night and on weekends; in Boston's Dorchester area, the community has begun crime patrols; in New York, Citizens Action for a Safer Harlem has organized blockwatcher programs, street associations, and escort services for the elderly, while an armed citizens' vigilance group patrols the streets of Brooklyn on the lookout for arson and burglaries; in San Francisco, a member of the Board of Supervisors recently urged the formation of citizen anticrime patrols to curb muggings; and in the relative peace and quiet of a college town like Berkeley, the Committee Against Rape and several neighborhood associations are meeting to plan ways of stopping violent attacks against women. (2) The phenomenon of crime has been largely ignored by the US left. On the one hand, it is treated moralistically and attributed to the parasitical elements in capitalist society, mechanically following Marx and Engels's famous statement in the Communist Manifesto that the lumpenproletariat may, here and there, be swept into the movement by a proletarian revolution; its conditions of life, however, prepare it far more for the part of a bribed tool of reactionary intrigue. (3) On the other hand, crime is either glossed over as an invention of the FBI to divert attention away from the crimes of the ruling class or romanticized as a form of primitive political rebellion. Whether it is a form of reactionary individualism, or a fiction promoted by the bourgeoisie to cause confusion and false consciousness, or another manifestation of class struggle, is not a matter of theoretical assertion and cannot be decided by dogmatic references to Marxist texts. What is first needed is a thorough investigation of the scope and nature of crime, concrete information about its varieties and rates, and an appreciation of its specific historical context. This essay sets out to summarize and analyze the available information, thus providing a realistic basis for developing political strategy. Reporting Crime In 1931, the International Association of Chiefs of Police developed the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system and selected seven felony offenses for index purposes, on the grounds that the victims, or someone representing them, would more likely report such crimes to the police. The seven offense groups include: homicide, robbery, aggravated assault, forcible rape, burglary, larceny (grand theft), and auto theft. These are the crime statistics from which trends in the incidence of criminality are regularly reported in the media. When these reported crimes are converted into rates per 100,000 population and comparisons are made across time, for example 1968 to 1973, each of the index crimes, with the exception of auto theft, increased 25 to 50 percent. In 1976, according to the UCR, nearly 11.5 million serious crimes were reported to the police, a 33 percent increase from 1972, and a 76 percent increase from 1967. (4) Critics of the FBI's reporting system have pointed out that the dramatic increase in crime rates is exaggerated and misleading since it reflects higher rates of reporting crime, technological improvements in data processing, better record-keeping systems, and political manipulation by the police, rather than a real increase in the level of crime. While there is no evidence to support sensational media announcements about sudden crime waves, crime is certainly not exaggerated by the FBI. …" @default.
• W74009574 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W74009574 date "2014-03-22" @default.
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• W74009574 title "Street Crime: A View from the Left" @default.
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