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• W74632982 abstract "Current literature has not examined policing and discretionary capacity in a democracy together. This article presents and details the critical concept of a capacity-focused emphasis in policing and its value for democratizing police bureaucracies and building police rank-and-file capacities. Building the capacities of individual police officers to exercise discretion and support democratic police bureaucracies has significant potential to advance policing in democratic societies. The existing division of labor predominating in police bureaucracies and professionalization efforts requires further examination in light of minimal capacity-building efforts useful for police in democratic societies in current police practices.The history of professionalizing policing is filled with schemes and methods discouraging individual police officer discretion. Usually these methods and schemes focus on a means-oriented bureaucracy (Goldstein, 1990; Kraska & Brent, 2011). A means-focused bureaucracy and means-focused bureaucrats pay exclusive attention to the means to achieve any goal or end of a bureaucracy (identified as instrumental rationality or technical rationality). They place minimal emphasis on the goals or ends. Police bureaucracies operate using instrumental rationality in a circular fashion validating only the determined means (not any ends) deemed appropriate in any decision-making exercise. This dominant instrumental rationality considers rational only those means that are relevant to accomplishing a particular goal. Additionally, instrumental rationality privileges instrumental knowledge, the type of knowledge useful to solve problems only through consideration of means and neglecting ends that are pre-determined by management and authority either within or outside policing organizations (Thacher, 2001). Instrumental knowledge, in turn, highly limits or ignores the selection of appropriate goals or ends, which are critical in any decision. Consequences of this skewed cognitive (thinking and reasoning) orientation may include the establishment of technical bureaucrats, individuals who focus on the technical aspects of achieving goals without considering values, ends, or outcomes.All of these issues directly relate to professionalization of policing. If professionalizing police requires individual police officers to examine only the means of the police bureaucracy, then discretion is no longer a necessity to professionalizing police. In fact, individual discretion is no longer required as technical bureaucrats are means-oriented. Without any concern about the ends, individual police officers will become robotic, and their own inputs into the ends or goals of their organizations will be devalued.Police professionalization and individual discretion need not be mutually exclusive, and since discretionary judgments do occur in police bureaucracies, examining how discretion and professionalization benefit one will provide insight into how the individual police officer can contribute not only to the means of effective policing, but also the ends of effective policing. Making a discretionary decision often means making a moral decision in a legal context (Owen, Fradella, Burke, & Joplin, 2012): yet, bureaucratic leaders in the name of police professionalization may create policies and regulations restricting discretion so as to ensure consistency and uniformity (Walker, 1977). While focusing on consistency implies a sense of equality, it does not ensure the best moral decision-making, and while uniformity may please the public and seemingly allow transparency into police decision-making, the best moral decision to be made in a particular situation might be refusing to follow policy and regulations. Training police professionals as experts in following procedures seems counterintuitive toward the professionalization of the individual officer who needs to increase his/her capacities of problem-solving and moral reasoning. …" @default.
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• W74632982 title "Democratizing Police Professionalization and Division of Labor" @default.
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