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• W761192247 abstract "social interests. The organization may demonstrate the requisite by showing that an act of unlawful discrimination adds a new burden to the workload of the organization, in addition to the burden of seeking redress for the discrimination. For example, the federal district court in Saunders v. General Services Corp.,6 relying on Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman, 67 awarded a nonprofit fair housing corporation $2,300 for of resources measured by the time and overhead attributable to pursuing its Fair Housing Act claim, and $10,000 for of its equal housing mission.68 The $10,000 award was based on a finding that the defendant's large-scale discriminatory advertising had a subtle but substantial impact on the corporation's to ensure equal housing opportunities, thereby forcing the organization to devote significant resources to identifying and counteracting the effects of such advertising. 69 Similarly, a fair housing organization may recover the costs of discrimination by demonstrating that the defendant's conduct the organization to divert its resources fulfilling some of its usual functions, such as providing counseling and referral services, to fulfilling other purposes, such as testing and seeking redress for the defendant's discriminatory conduct. 70 65. Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman, 455 U.S. 363, 379 (1982) (organization must be able to demonstrate that its facilitating open housing was impaired); see also Spann v. Colonial Village, Inc., 899 F.2d 24, 29 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (organizations had standing in alleging concrete drains on their time and resources); Heights Community Congress v. Hilltop Realty, Inc., 774 F.2d 135, 139 n.2 (6th Cir. 1985)(claimed expenditures too speculative to support damage award; nominal damages of $1 affirmed); Berry v. John Doe Managers, No. 91-2891, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10159, at *7 (E.D. Pa. July 22, 1991) (organizational standing determined by whether a and palpable injury exists, not by geographical definitions). 66. Saunders v. General Serv. Corp., 659 F. Supp. 1042 (E.D. Va. 1987). 67. Havens Realty, 455 U.S. at 379. 68. Saunders, 659 F. Supp. at 1061. 69. Id. at 1052, 1054, 1060-61; see also Spann, 899 F.2d at 27 (fair housing organization had standing based on allegations that a defendant's advertising for housing that showed racial preference compelled the organization to expend resources to neutralize the adverse impact of the defendant's advertising on the local housing climate); contra Omni House, Inc. v. Cromwell Fountain Assoc., 2 Fair Hous.-Fair Lend. (P-H) 15,747, 16,889 n.4 (D. Md. Apr. 7, 1992) (With due respect for Judge Merhige, this Court does not agree with his reading [in Saunders v. Gen. Serv. Corp.] of Havens Realty, supra, which would permit damages for an organization's of objectives and of resources.). 70. See, e.g., Village of Bellwood v. Dwivedi, 895 F.2d 1521, 1526 (7th Cir. 1990) (stating [t]hese are opportunity of discrimination, since although the counseling is not impaired directly there would be more of it were it not for the... discrimination); Saunders, 659 F. Supp. at 1060 ($2,300 for diversion of resources); Davis v. Mansards, 597 F. Supp. 334, 348 (N.D. Ind. 1984) ($1,000 to the housing center for frustration of and $4,280 for incurred as a result of the defendant's conduct); HUD v. George, 2 Fair Hous.-Fair Lend. 25,010, 25,166 (HUD A.L.J. Aug. 16, 1991) (discriminatory conduct caused CIL [organization] to divert some of its resources the development of group The John Marshall Law Review In addition to recovering for past investigation and litigation costs, fair housing organizations have also received awards for prospective expenses, such as monitoring records, auditing sales practices, testing respondent's housing operation, and training respondent's employees in the requirements of Fair Housing law. Although the terms of purpose, of mission, and impairment of role have all been used to describe the type of that causes a fair housing organization to divert its resources one activity to another or to pursue a Fair Housing Act claim, it is clear that a claim for damages under any one of these rubrics should not be successful to the extent that it duplicates a claim for of resources. Damages should not be awarded twice for the same injury. 4 Moreover, the rule in Havens Realty teaches that these or similar terms cannot denote a mere abstract injury. 75 For a complainant to recover, the must be actual. Accordingly, there is no compelling authority for the proposition that damages for of purpose or frustrahomes for the mentally handicapped to pursuing a legal remedy for Respondent's unlawful conduct). 71. See Saunders, 659 F. Supp. at 1060 (While plaintiff may not be entitled to recover such investigative costs, such offer a reasonable guideline for ascertaining the value of plaintiff's 'diversion of resources' element of damage, and such sum is thereby awarded.). 72. See, e.g., City of Chicago v. Matchmaker Real Estate, No. 88-C9695, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4435, at *11 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 5, 1991) ($3,000 awarded for investigatory audits, $5,000 for monitoring; $6,000 for continued auditing; $16,500 total compensation for of resources other purposes and $16,500 for frustration of purpose); NAACP v. ITT Community Dev. Corp., 399 F. Supp. 366, 371 (D.D.C. 1975) (consent order required defendant to pay $2,750 for incurred by plaintiff's participation in conciliation negotiations). 73. Saunders, 659 F. Supp. at 1060. 74. See, e.g., HUD v. Properties Unlimited, 2 Fair Hous.-Fair Lend. (P-H) 25,009, 25,148-49 (HUD A.L.J. Aug. 5, 1991); George, 2 Fair Hous.-Fair Lend. (PH) at 25,167. Cf. Matchmaker, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4435, at *9 (magistrate awarded $16,500 to fair housing organization for of resources to cover of investigating case, monitoring defendant's records, auditing defendant's sales practices, and conducting training seminars; magistrate then defined of purpose in terms of of resources other purposes, found it reasonable to believe that such from other purposes must have been in approximately the same amount as the other resources diverted, and awarded another $16,500). 75. But cf. Davis v. Mansards, 597 F. Supp. 334, 348 (N.D. Ind. 1984) (award of $1,000 to nonprofit organization for frustration of goals, as well as $4,280 for unspecified out-of-pocket expenses). In Davis, the court based its of purpose award on findings that the lawsuit frustrated one of the organization's stated goals (enhancing cooperation between the Center and local landlords), while at the same time advancing another goal (promoting equal housing opportunities). Cryptically, the court stated that, [iun light of this dual effect, actual damages specifically awarded for frustrating the Center's will be limited to $1,000.00. Id. at 348. Because the court cited Havens in finding that the organization had standing, presumably the award of $4,280 was for incurred in bringing the lawsuit and the award of $1,000 was for of resources necessary to combat the effects of the defendant's conduct. [Vol. 26:3 1992] Compensatory Damages in Fair Housing Adjudications 17 tion of mission of a fair housing organization are distinct damages for injuries that drain or divert the resources of the" @default.
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• W761192247 title "Separating the Objective, the Subjective, and the Speculative: Assessing Compensatory Damages in Fair Housing Adjudications, 26 J. Marshall L. Rev. 3 (1992)" @default.
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