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• W76147913 abstract "The Goals 2000 Educate America Act of 1994 included economics among the nine core subject areas that were targeted for the development of content standards. A new set of voluntary national content standards in economics, published in 1997, helped to guide administrators, teachers, and policy makers as they considered various educational objectives in the design of state-level content standards. (1) Today, almost all states have content standards in economics across grade levels, beginning with kindergarten. This study examines the status of economics in the primary grades by examining cross-state variation in all the economics concepts and principles specified in state standards for the primary grades--defined as kindergarten through fourth grade. We find that states exhibit a wide variation in the types of economics standards they have implemented for their public schools. This variation means that some teachers face a very high bar in terms of the level at which they are expected to teach economics, while other teachers face a fairly low bar. The results are used to construct four groups of states that are defined by higher and lower degrees of completeness and specificity in their standards. These groupings, which show how particular states compare with other reference states, suggest that states with more complete standards are more likely to have grade-level breakdowns, while states with less complete standards tend to have economics standards defined by grade clusters. The Development of Content Standards in Economics Curricular reforms that emphasize instruction of economic concepts have affected several generations of elementary-school students. The National Council on Economic Education (NCEE, formerly the Joint Council on Economic Education) has led efforts to encourage teachers and administrators to integrate economics directly into a central place in the social studies curriculum across grade levels. These efforts include the development and promotion of a host of economic courses, programs, and infusion efforts. For example, its Economics America program involves statewide economics councils and university-based centers, helping schools and school districts develop economics curricula, set standards, and train teachers. This program grew out of the (now discontinued) Developmental Economic Education Program, which started in 1964 as an experimental teaching program to provide in-service training, curriculum planning, and help with testing. (2) Millions of students have been reached by these initiatives. During the 1980s and 1990s, coinciding with the U.S. reform movement toward a standards-based system of education, the NCEE worked on formulating a voluntary national curriculum, commonly known as the Master Curriculum Guide. This curriculum guide--which was combined from several documents--provided a catalog of economic concepts and accompanying teaching materials. (3) This voluntary set of concepts served as the predecessor of the current national standards. In 1994, the Goals 2000 Educate America Act recommended the development of standards in nine core subject areas, including economics. The NCEE lobbied for inclusion of economics in Goals 2000; it found funding for the development of the economic standards; and it brought other groups in economics and education together as a coalition to write content standards for the primary and secondary grades. The new standards, published as the Voluntary National Content Standards in Economics, consist of 20 essential principles in economics. (4) Each of the 20 principles is accompanied by a rationale for including that standard, a statement about how students can use this knowledge, and examples of activities and lessons that teachers can use to help students demonstrate or improve their understanding of the economics ideas. The standards also include a set of benchmarks (for grades 4, 8, and 12) that elaborate on the principles in increasingly sophisticated levels of attainment. …" @default.
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• W76147913 date "2008-03-01" @default.
• W76147913 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W76147913 title "Cross-State Variation in Economics Content Standards in the Primary Grades." @default.
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