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• W764155275 abstract "Energy systems can be an integral part of the initiation of insurgencies and revolutions. Their quality and reliability may be causative factors in some instances and contributory factors in others. Energy systems are systems within systems nested in other systems, so the effect of an attack on a fuel source or parts of an energy system may have more far-reaching effects than initially expected. This article will look at various energy systems and fuels, as well as some of the systems attached to them, including communications, transportation, water, and food. It will also look at examples of attacks on energy systems and why they may occur and by whom during times of conflict. There is a discussion of how a country could use energy to help reduce the chances of further conflict in the initial post-conflict environment. Energy policy options for a government wishing to stay in power, both pre- and post-conflict, are presented. (1) ENERGY AS A WEAPON; ENERGY AS LEVERAGE Energy can be used as a weapon of conflict and war, and can allow parties involved in conflict to gain leverage over their adversaries by controlling parts, or all of, energy systems. To understand modern conflict, including many recent insurgencies and revolutions around the world, an understanding of the integral role of energy is necessary. Energy systems are systems within systems nested in other systems. The electricity network is an example of an energy system. It is connected with the systems that are used to discover, produce, process, and transport oil, gas, coal, and other fuels. The electricity system is also connected to systems in order to produce wind, solar, geothermal, and other energy and generating systems. Importantly, the various stages of the oil, gas, coal, and other fuel industries, need electricity. Gas stations do not work without electricity, for example. Systems related to transportation, communications, water, finance, governance, health, education, and more require that their connected energy systems are working properly and developed sufficiently. A country or an area with a serious problem with electricity production cannot develop as well as one that has a sufficient, reliable, and growing electricity system. Given that energy systems are connected to and nested within other systems, when they are attacked, the results can affect much more than just the targeted energy system. Attacking a major oil refinery in a country that relies heavily on the gasoline, diesel, and petrochemicals feedstock that are produced in that refinery could be a blow to that country's economic security. Because of this, energy systems are a source of both power and weakness for any regime. They are a source of economic and political power when they are working well and the money from them is flowing to those who have clout within the status quo. They are a source of weakness, however, when insurgents or revolutionaries start successfully targeting them or find the means to take them over. Energy subsidies and other distortions can play into the hands of combatants. (2) Fuel smuggling is often the result of price differences across states, and the revenues from smuggling can finance insurgencies, revolutions, and terrorism. When a country is coming out of a revolution, insurgency, or other conflict, it needs to not only develop energy systems that will increase its citizens' human capacity, but to also focus on creating energy equality within the country. One source of conflict is inequality in access to energy or corruption associated with energy revenues and control over energy systems. Ridding a country of energy corruption and inequality, and developing energy systems and the systems associated with them for human development has the potential to help a country take big steps towards being more secure, peaceful, and prosperous. A systems-within-systems view is required not only during the conflict, but after it. (3) OIL AND REFINED PRODUCTS The processes for exploring, extracting, processing, and moving oil are complex, and are open to exploitation and damage by groups with nefarious purposes. …" @default.
• W764155275 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W764155275 date "2014-09-22" @default.
• W764155275 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W764155275 title "The Energy-Insurgency Revolution Nexus: An Introduction to Issues and Policy Options" @default.
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