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• W764652425 abstract "ABSTRACT.The results presented in this paper are part of a study conducted in the project: 'Be a manager for your own business!' that was financed by the European Social Fund, Sectoral Operational Programme Human Resources Development (SOP HRD) 2007-2013, and the Romanian Government, ID POSDRU/92/3.1/S/49297; during April 2011-March 2014. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of employment vulnerability in Romanian counties during the economic crisis. The image created on the employment vulnerability per counties is notwithstanding the fact that Romania is dealing with an important informal sector, lower gross hourly earnings (only Bulgaria registered less, from EU-27 countries) and problems with emigration.JEL codes: J20; R23Keywords: regional employment; employment vulnerability index; underemployment1. IntroductionEmployment, as an economic phenomenon with strong social implications, was, is and will be a controversial topic, a permanently new and exciting one.Romania, being a member of the European Union (EU), must harmonize with EU's strategies, policies and programs, such as: Europe 2020 (European Commission, 2013a) and Employment Package (European Commission, 2012). The major objectives in this area are: to decrease the youth unemployment rate and combat their 'resignation'; to offer vocational training and lifelong learning programs correlated with labor market's demands/ needs; to reduce the negative impact of restructuring and to help people capitalize on the existing opportunities, and also to improve public employment services. On the other hand, the EU is concerned with reigniting the entrepreneurial spirit in Europe (European Commission, 2013b) and it recognizes the importance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in creating jobs.As regards the specific literature, there is an increased interest in the measurement of the employment vulnerability and the calculation of a more appropriate index.International Labour Office (ILO) characterized employment by inadequate earnings, low productivity and difficult conditions of work that undermine workers' fundamental rights (ILO, 2010: 18). Others considered that jobs are the opposite of decent jobs (ILO, 2009).In 2003 Pages defines vulnerability as underemployment or the probability of becoming underemployed (De Vreyer and Roubaud, 2013: 143).The degree of vulnerability can be measured as the proportion of selfemployed /independent workers/ own-account workers without employees. Self-employed professionals working alone in intellectual professions are not considered to be vulnerable (Bocquier et al, 2010: 1299).In the opinion of some authors, the Employment Vulnerability Index includes:- 9 dichotomous variables: contractual insecurity, independent workers, adverse working conditions, casual labor, unstable remuneration, underemployment, second job, instability in employment, unwanted job (Bocquier et al, 2010: 1299-1300);- 9 indicators divided in two categories: job insecurity - share of female population in the total county's population, proportion of population located in rural areas, the share of employment in primary sector of activity, unemployment rate, percentage of unemployed from the private sector in total unemployment, economic dependency ratio, vulnerability of county/ area at crisis; and social protection - gross average expenditure for unemployed social protection and monthly average of the social insurance state pension (Patache et al, 2012: 127);- 3 key indicators: the proportion of people employed in construction, mining, manufacturing, retail, accommodation and food services, financial services and property operations and real estate services; the proportion of people without post school qualifications; and the proportion of people working part-time (Baum et al, 2013: 30);- 12 categorical/dichotomous variables: employment contract, payslip, job satisfaction, underemployment, remuneration, labour status, family allowance, housing allowance, paid leaves, union membership, second job (Njang and Ndamsa, 2014: 15). …" @default.
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• W764652425 date "2014-12-01" @default.
• W764652425 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W764652425 title "Adverse Impact of Crisis on Employment Vulnerability in Romania" @default.
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