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• W765098982 abstract "Introduction Sexual dimorphism is the determining feature of organisms in which male and female differ. It can be defined as a systematic distinction in phenotypic traits between individuals of different sex in the same species. It is common in nature and often attributable to sexual selection, which indirectly results in the ornament expression in both sexes as a consequence of genetic correlation (Johnsen et al 2003). While this difference is common across living organisms, Purchon (1977) believed it to be rare in mollusks (see citation in Minton & Wang 2011). Sexual dimorphism in these phyla is traditionally quantified through straight-line measurements and ratios. Recently, geometric morphometric analysis has been applied for examinations of snail shell dimorphism, to provide descriptive analyses of shell shape (Samadi et al 2000; Galliguez et al 2009; Minton & Wang 2011). Applications of geometric morphometric methods have the advantage against traditional measurements by eliminating the effects of variation in location, orientation, scale, and position biases of the specimens (Bookstein 1991; Chiu et al 2002; Rohlf 2003; Zelditch et al 2004). One group of mollusks where sexual dimorphism has been explored in detail is the family Viviparidae, a freshwater brooding snail. Distinction between sexes in Viviparus, a member of family Viviparidae, has been documented as differences in size. However, shape differences are considered to be non-existent as suggested by Falniowski et al (1998) a finding the researchers reported “... confirmed the fact that there is no sexual dimorphism in Viviparus as far as the shell is concerned” as cited by Minton & Wang (2011). Nevertheless, Minton & Wang (2011) test the statement made by Falniowski et al (1998) using geometric morphometric analysis of the Viviparus subpurpureus shell shape and accounted “...shape variables without potential confounding effects of size were explored in Viviparus subpurpureus, sexual dimorphism was apparent” (Minton & Wang 2011), suggesting presence of sexual dimorphism in Viviparus. On the other note, a study of Galliguez et al (2009) of Vivipara angularis, also a member of freshwater brooding snail of family Viviparidae in the Philippines, using geometric morphometry through modularity and shell shape integration confirmed the absence of sexual dimorphism in the species and reported “... the same pattern of modularity is observed in both male and female populations of V. angularis Muller indicating the absence of sexual dimorphism in terms of modularity and integration of the shell” (Galliguez et al 2009). With this background, this study was conducted to test different statements made by Falniowski et al (1998), Minton & Wang (2011), and Galliguez et al (2009) regarding sexual dimorphism of the mollusks of family Viviparidae. It aimed to explore the potential for sexual dimorphism and understand variations in the viviparid snail, Vivipara angularis based on its shell (apertural/ventral, dorsal, whorl/top) shape patterns. Examination of the shell shape variation was made using geometric morphometry by means of Relative Warp Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Elliptic Fourrier Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis." @default.
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• W765098982 title "Applications of geometric morphometric analysis in describing sexual dimorphism in shell shapes in Vivipara angularis Muller (Family Viviparidae)." @default.
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