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• W765148977 abstract "Arizona's water resources system consists primarily of four active management areas (Tucson, Phoenix, Pinal and Prescott), the Central Arizona Project, and the Salt River Project. The problem of water allocation among user categories involves pumping from aquifers and diversions of surface flows. In systems less complex than Arizona, allocation policies may appear obvious. In this case, however, a two -level hierarchical management model is proposed to control water allocation to users: the active management areas as a lower echelon, and the Arizona Department of Water Resources at the higher level. A system theoretic approach combined with recent developments in the decentralized control theory are proposed to be included in the model. A significant characteristic of the proposed model is the ability to consider possible interactions among the active management areas as a result of policy decisions at the State level. A dynamic optimization model based on a state space formulation with total energy required as the objective function is solved for each of the subsystems. Detailed information thus generated at the regional level is then appropriately aggregated for statewide decision making. An iterative algorithm is suggested. Introduction Management of water resources at the State level is becoming increasingly more complex so that systems theoretical concepts are very useful in analyzing the issues involved (Major and Lenton, 1979). The application of these concepts to water resource systems analysis and planning has been a matter of considerable interest in recent years (Loucks et al., 1981) leading to a variety of mathematical models. In many instances, state -space models (in contrast with decision -space models) seem to be particularly useful because of the possibility of defining clearly the state of the system (e.g., groundwater levels, volume of water stored in a surface reservoir). Thus a number of models exist for groundwater aquifers (Burt, 1976) as well as for surface water resources (Maidment and Chow, 1981). At the same time, input output models are being developed for water resources management (Hendricks and Dehaan, 1981), as well as models of large -scale systems using decomposition techniques (for example, see Haines, 1977). Lastly, state and dynamic optimization formulations exist for water resources management problems. However, dynamic optimization ( Buras, 1972) seems to be more accepted by water management agencies because of the dynamic nature of most variables identified in a large number of water resources systems. Typical optimization criteria for dynamic models are energy requirements, needed storage capacity, water shortages or water spills. The study of socioeconomic frameworks, whether at the national or at state level, often require the construction of complex, large -scale models. However, the use of large -scale models in a planning exercise of whatever scope is still an infrequent event and there are serious reservations regarding their possible use in this context (Dantzig 1981). One such reservation arises from the observation that planning and management models are often designed to achieve a higher rate of performance in resource use, without much consideration of the behavior and reaction of various decision makers at low levels of the hierarchy, who are the actual users of the resource. It appears, therefore, desirable to attempt, at least, a reformulation of large -scale planning models so as to represent regional problems at an adequate level of detail, and linking these sub -systems in an effective manner with the broader decisionmaking framework. The Problem Arizona's water resources present a picture of considerable complexity. The area of the State, about 113,900 square miles (291,600 sq. km), makes it the sixth largest in the U.S. The average precipitation is approximately 13 (330 mm), with about half the State receiving less than 10 per year (250 mm). Of an estimated average of 80 million acre feet (Maf) of precipitation falling over Arizona each year (98.7 billion cubic meters), more than 95 percent is lost to evaporation and plant transpiration (Arizona State Water Plan, 1975). The remaining 4 Maf /yr (4.9 Bcm /yr) represent the yearly runoff, both surface and subsurface. It is estimated that the yearly groundwater recharge amounts to 0.3 Maf (370 million cubic meters) and the dependable surface flows do not exceed 2.5 Maf (3.1 Bcm)." @default.
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• W765148977 date "1983-04-16" @default.
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• W765148977 title "A Hierarchal Model for Arizona's Water Resources" @default.
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