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- W765947866 abstract "No greater confusion appears in any field of thought than in the effort to draw a line of demarcation between responsibility and irresponsibility on the part of offenders against the criminal law. This results, I venture to contend, from the fact that the practical need giving rise to this distinction has in the course of years been overlooked. The utilitarian considerations which have thus become obscured must again be brought to light before a satisfactory criterion of responsibility can be adopted. The legitimate social reactions to crime are three: (1) direct restraint of the offender himself from further misdeeds; (2) moral education of the offender directed toward his reformation or cure; (3) punishment, with a view to deterrence from crime, not only of the particular offender, but as well of other persons unlawfully disposed. These three processes may be designated in brief as restraint, cure and punishment. Each of the three is in some degree present, or presumably so, in every concrete measure employed by the crimintal law, except the death penalty, which obviously cuts off cure. But whatever mingling of these there may be, they are theoretically distinct; and especially is the element of punishment to be kept separate, in any discussion of the subject of criminal responsibility. Punishment proper has for its primary end deterrence. The inmate of an asylum is in a sense punished by his confinement, as the deprivation of his liberty is painful; but the primary purposes thereof are restraint and cure, and do not include intimidation. On the other hand, a law-breaker is not sentenced to prison or to death unless it be held desirable to deter him and others (or in the case of death others only), through fear of the prescribed penalty, from similar future offenses. These latter measures are punishment, and it is only in reference to such that the question of responsibility arises. Only the so-called responsible can, under the law, be punished.Now, if responsibility is punishability, and if the object of punishment is deterrence; then it is impossible to see how the essential characteristic of responsibility can be anything different from the" @default.
- W765947866 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W765947866 date "1927-08-01" @default.
- W765947866 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W765947866 title "An Utilitarian Test for Criminal Responsibility" @default.
- W765947866 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/1134699" @default.
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