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• W766835478 abstract "Reviewed by: Hanukkah in America: A History by Dianne Ashton Elizabeth H. Pleck (bio) Hanukkah in America: A History. By Dianne Ashton. New York: New York University Press, 2013. 343 pp. Hanukkah commemorates the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem in 165 BCE after the routing of Syrian-Greek occupiers by a ragtag military force led by Judah Maccabee. Hanukkah candles burn considerably brighter in the United States than among Jews living in another parts of the world. Hanukkah was not mentioned in the Bible and thus does not carry the imprimatur of divine sanction. Most American Jewish history traces the decline in religious observance of holidays and Shabbat; Dianne Ashton tells the opposite story, of how and why a minor Jewish festival became more celebrated in the present than it was in the past Very rarely Hanukkah coincides with the American holiday of Thanksgiving; more commonly, it occurs during the Christmas season. But it did come to prominence in the 1830s when Christmas became a domestic festival. What seems to have triggered the desire for a Jewish alternative to Christmas was not the home celebration of Christmas but the church celebration of it. Two prominent American rabbis, Isaac Mayer Wise and Max Lilienthal, plumped Hanukkah as a synagogue-based celebration for Jewish children (which would make it unnecessary for Jewish children to celebrate Christmas). They refused to accept the German Jewish definition of Christmas as a cultural, not religious, celebration. If Jewish children grew up experiencing the tremendous appeal of Christmas, they argued, as adults they would forsake their ancient faith in favor of Christianity. Hanukkah became even more central as a holiday celebration in the home in the late nineteenth century. Originally in eastern Europe, Jews gave gelt to children at Hanukkah, which children were expected to contribute to charity or to their teachers. Eastern European Jews thought that buying presents symbolized their success in America and would also bring happiness to children at the time of the year when Christian children enjoyed a merry Christmas. Thus, the child-centered nature of the Jewish family was both the cause and the consequence of the making of Hanukkah into a domestic occasion. Food in the home on Hanukkah also had symbolic meaning. It was supposed to be fried to emphasize the significance of the miracle of oil in the Temple’s lamps burning for eight nights. [End Page 351] Ashton agrees that Hanukkah evolved as the Jewish alternative to Christmas, but the story of Hanukkah was also constantly revised in light of developments and debates within American Jewish history. The significant elements of the story were military victory against the odds, a Jewish elite who forsook their own religion to adopt the occupier’s beliefs and culture, divine intervention to aid Jews struggling against foreign domination, and Jewish warriors fighting on behalf of religious liberty and national independence. Who is the Maccabee in our own time? was a question designed to debate the nature of contemporary Jewish leadership. In the face of rising anti-Semitism during the interwar period, Jewish plays for an adult audience, often including a warning against intermarriage, proliferated. Judah Maccabee and his brothers functioned as the first tough Jews; Zionists claimed that they were the new Maccabees. Even Marxists appreciated Judah Maccabee for undertaking a class struggle against an economic elite. During World War II the message of the holiday was to celebrate the military victory of a foreign power dedicated to trying to destroy the Jewish religion. The many photographs in the book show how Hanukkah celebration has inspired humor and creativity and relied on familiar tropes of celebration. Most of the fifty-one pages of footnotes refer to autobiographies and memoirs, secondary works in American Jewish history, newspapers, magazines, songbooks, and several archives, including those of the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods. The book is organized according to major periods in American Jewish history. At times the narrative about the evolution of Hanukkah recedes into paragraphs of context about American Jewish history. The digression is necessary, however, in a book that reads the holiday as an expression of the ways that American Jewish history mixed popular, domestic, organized associational and rabbinical contributions and..." @default.
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• W766835478 date "2014-01-01" @default.
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• W766835478 title "Hanukkah in America: A History by Dianne Ashton" @default.
• W766835478 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/ajh.2014.0041" @default.
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