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• W76717318 abstract "ABSTRACT Costa Rica is one of the few countries in the Global South where there is apparently 'hard' evidence that poverty is 'feminising'. In particular there was a steep rise in the share of poor households headed by women in the 1990s which has not yet abated. This is somewhat anomalous in light of significant attempts on the part of the state to promote gender equality and to direct public expenditure to low-income women and female household heads. Yet while gender-sensitive policies may not have been adequate to arrest an apparent 'feminisation of poverty', the processes by which this is occurring require closer scrutiny. Since quantitative data suggest that this is mainly accounted for by the growing share of households headed by women, and not a greater probability that poverty will afflict this group per se, it is important to consider the reasons why so many more households are headed by women today compared with 10-15 years ago. Some indications are provided by qualitative fieldwork with over 70 poor women and men in Guanacaste province. While female heads are widely perceived to stand a greater risk of income poverty than their male counterparts, female headship seems to have become a more viable, and sometimes, preferred, option among women on account of its role in enhancing well-being. Many women feel they are now in a stronger position to survive alone because various aspects of the social, legal, and even economic, environment are perceived to be more favourable to them than in the past. This, in turn, seems to have contributed to making them less inclined to tolerate gender inequalities at the domestic level. These findings underline the importance of embracing gendered subjectivities in analyses of the 'feminisation of poverty' and invite caution about the latter being a unilaterally negative phenomenon. INTRODUCTION Costa Rica is one of the few countries in the Global South where there is apparently 'hard' evidence to suggest that poverty is 'feminising'. While around one-fifth of the population has fallen below the official poverty line since the early-to-mid-1990s poverty seems to have become more concentrated among women over time. In particular there was a steep rise in the share of poor households headed by women in the 1990s which has not yet abated. This seems somewhat paradoxical given Costa Rica's high ranking on aggregate gender indicators such as the GDI and GEM, and that in the last decade and a half several initiatives have been introduced to promote gender equality, as well as to direct public expenditure to poor women among whom female household heads have been a key target group. Yet while gender-sensitive policies may not have been adequate to arrest an apparent feminisation of income poverty, and this needs to be addressed, the processes by which female heads seem to be bearing a greater share of poverty require closer scrutiny. Quantitative data suggest that this is mainly accounted for by growth in the number and proportion of all households headed by women, and not a greater probability of poverty within the group per se. It is accordingly important not only to consider the reasons why female household heads continue to stand a disproportionate risk of poverty, but, in light of this, to examine why female headship has undergone such a dramatic increase in the last 10-15 years. Quantitative data show that this is associated with declining rates of formal marriage, an increase in divorce and separation, and a rise in out-of-wedlock births. However, they cannot reveal why such trends are occurring. In order to gain insights into the reasons underlying these trends I draw on primary qualitative fieldwork gathered with over 70 poor women and men of different age cohorts in Guanacaste province.1 While female heads are widely perceived to stand a greater risk of income poverty than their male counterparts, female headship seems to have become a more viable, and sometimes preferred, option for women on account of its role in enhancing well-being. …" @default.
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• W76717318 date "2008-01-01" @default.
• W76717318 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W76717318 title "The Curious Question of Feminising Poverty in Costa Rica: The Importance of Gendered Subjectivities" @default.
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