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• W76811992 abstract "Mycotoxins are synthesized by fungi and released as secondary metabolites toxic to many animal species. The structurally diverse mycotoxins can be carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, estrogenic, hemorrhagic, immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, dermotoxic, and neurotoxic to humans and other mammals. To minimize the harmful effects of mycotoxins on humans, strict regulations have been established worldwide. Economic losses due to mycotoxin contamination are enormous and estimated at millions of dollars annually in the United States alone Insects inevitably encounter mycotoxins in nature when they feed on unharvested (mummy) fruits in orchard situations. Insects can be vectors of fungal spores and also facilitate fungal access to their host plants. Insects in turn may take advantage of fungi for protection against their natural enemies and for processing refractory plant constituents to increase their digestibility. This interaction is manifested in many crops as an association between insect damage and increase in mycotoxin contamination. Control of insects can thus reduce fungal toxin levels in crops. Understanding how insects deal with mycotoxins is critical in control of both insect pests and mycotoxin contamination. In this study, three insects, including Helicoverpa zea (corn earworm), Amyelois transitella (navel orangeworm) and Apis mellifera (honey bee) varying in their exposure to mycotoxins were selected to study toxicity of mycotoxins to insects and to elucidate their underlying mechanisms of toxicity. To compare toxicity of mycotoxins to H. zea with that to A. transitella, I measured the developmental delay caused by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and found that the LC50 (defined as the concentration preventing 50% of newly hatched larvae from entering the second instar within 48 hr) for AFB1 is 100 times greater for A. transitella than that for H. zea. Similarly, A. transitella first instars display substantially higher tolerance of ochratoxin A (OTA) than do H. zea. Honey bees and their resource-rich nests are hosts to a wide range of saprophytic fungi, including species that produce mycotoxins. Bioassays showed that the honey bee workers can tolerate relatively high levels of aflatoxins (1-2.5μg/g AFB1) and ochratoxins (1μg/g OTA)." @default.
• W76811992 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W76811992 creator A5015206671 @default.
• W76811992 date "2010-08-31" @default.
• W76811992 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W76811992 title "Toxicity of mycotoxins to insects and underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms" @default.
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