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• W77026232 abstract "ABSTRAcr.-When sexual size dimorphism occurs among nestlings, individuals of the smaller sex are thought to develop locomotory skills and plumage more quickly than their larger, opposite-sexed siblings. It follows that certain aspects of the behavioral development of nestlings should be sex-specific. I tested the prediction that female Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) nestlings develop behaviors associated with muscle development and self-maintenance prior to males. Videotaped observations from 14 nests suggest that female nestlings engaged in higher levels of preening, and possibly scratching and wing-flapping, near the end of the nestling period than did males of the same age. There was little difference in the frequency of stretching for either sex, although there was evidence that males engaged in more leg stretching and females in more wing-leg stretching at certain ages. Received 17 March 1992, accepted 20 Aug. 1992. Investigations of growth patterns of altricial nestlings have been largely restricted to morphological (e.g., changes in mass and feather length) and physiological (e.g., development of endothermy) characters. Behavioral development, while mentioned sporadically in descriptive studies of growth and development, has figured much less prominently in ecological or evolutionary studies. Part of the problem, no doubt, stems from the difficulty in directly observing and quantifying behavioral development without disturbing parent-offspring interactions. Certain behaviors, such as those directly related to feather and muscle development, may reflect the physiological state of the nestling and thus may be a useful gauge of developmental patterns. In this investigation, I compare the development of male and female nestlings of a sexually dimorphic species to determine whether sex-specific differences in morphological development are reflected in predictable differences in behavioral development. In many sexually dimorphic species, mass differences between the sexes appear early in development, with males weighing significantly more than the females within a few days of hatching (e.g., Fiala and Congdon 1983, Bancroft 1984, Teather and Weatherhead 1988). A similar trend is apparent for bone development; the tarsus, for example, is significantly longer in male Great-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) by three days of age (Teather and Weatherhead 1988). Feather development, on the other hand, proceeds more quickly in females. Primary feathers of female Boat-tailed Grackles (Q. major) emerge significantly earlier and remain" @default.
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• W77026232 date "1993-01-01" @default.
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• W77026232 title "Behavioral development of male and female red-winged blackbirds" @default.
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