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• W771891639 abstract "More than 40 years after the passage of Title IX, the majority of institutions of higher education are not in compliance. Title IX, passed in 1972, is an Education Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title IX ensures the rights of all citizens to equality in any federally funded education program. Title IX is concerned with equal access, opportunity, and preventing discrimination based upon gender. Although the scope of Title IX includes all aspects of education, the application of Title IX to college athletics has been especially complicated because athletic programs, unlike most academic classes, usually are sex-segregated by sport (Anderson, Cheslock, & Ehrenberg, 2006, p. 225). The passage and mandatory compliance edicts associated with Title IX has led to massive growth in the numbers of females participating in sport. 1970, prior to the 1972 enactment of Title IX, there were only 2.5 women's teams per school and only about 16,000 total female intercollegiate (Acosta & Carpenter, 2012, p. 1). In 2012, there were an average of 8.7 female teams per school and approximately 200,000 female intercollegiate athletes (Acosta & Carpenter, 2012). Despite this progress, gender equity is far from complete (Anderson et al., 2006, p. 226).The present study uses or a as a measure of institutional compliance with Title IX. A proportionality gap refers to the difference between the percentages of the gendered makeup of the student body and that of the student athlete participation opportunities within an institution's athletic program. For example, an institution whose student body is 60% female should offer proportionate female athletic participation opportunities. The difference between 60% and the actual participation opportunities is referred to as the proportionality gap. An institution that meets this standard, set by Title IX, has achieved true proportionality. Substantial proportionality refers to an institutional figure that approaches true proportionality. For the purposes of this study, we follow the lead of previous scholars and examine substantial proportionality as being within 3% or 5% (Anderson et al, 2006; Farrell, 1995; Sigelman & Wahlbeck, 1999).The present study makes several important contributions to the body of literature on Title IX compliance. First, it updates and quantifies proportionality data for National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) member institutions. It documents changes in proportionality over time from 2003 to 2010. It examines the differences in proportionality by NCAA Division, i.e. Division I-A, Division I-AA, Division I-AAA, Division II with football, Division II without football, Division III with football, and Division III without football. Finally, our research examines interesting differences in compliance between Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) and non-HBCUs.The NCAA is the nation's largest governing body for intercollegiate athletics. The NCAA is comprised of 1,066 member institutions, sponsors 89 national championships in 23 sports, and has over 430,000 student-athlete participants (NCAA, 2013). The member institutions are subdivided into three classifications, known as Division I, II, and III. There are currently 340, 290, and 436 member institutions in Divisions I, II, and III, respectively. Divisions determine their own governance including, personnel, amateurism, recruiting, eligibility, financial aid, and playing and practice seasons. Each institution selects the level of participation and competition that best fits their mission (NCAA, 2013).Division I represents over 167,000 student-athletes, typically the largest institutions, and largest athletic programs. Its competition is intense, and it is able to offer the most athletically-related financial aid. It is further subdivided into three categories, based upon football affiliation (NCAA, 2013). …" @default.
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• W771891639 date "2014-01-01" @default.
• W771891639 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W771891639 title "Compliance with Title IX among Historically Black Colleges and Universities 2003 and 2010" @default.
• W771891639 hasPublicationYear "2014" @default.
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